3Figure 3.1 A photograph showing the three members of the honey bee hive – dr...Figure 3.2 External anatomy of the honey bee.Figure 3.3 Magnified view of a honey bee compound eye. The hexagonal shape o...Figure 3.4 The three ocelli are indicated by the small arrows.Figure 3.5 Closeup of a honey bee antenna, showing the segments.Figure 3.6 Wing hooklets, greatly magnified.Figure 3.7 (a, b) Magnified view of the corbicula (pollen basket) on the lat...Figure 3.8 Honey bee foraging on prairie spiderwort Tradescantia occidentali...Figure 3.9 Antenna cleaner.Figure 3.10 Stinger of a worker honey bee. The queen's is barbless.Figure 3.11 Circulatory and respiratory system.Figure 3.12 Ventral nerve cord of the honey bee, shown in purple.Figure 3.13 Digestive system.Figure 3.14 Overview of the glands of the honey bee. The presence or absence...Figure 3.15 Wax scales emerging from the wax glands.Figure 3.16 Ovary of a laying queen. Individual ovarioles can be observed wi...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Comparative anatomy of the vertebrate equine (a) with the inverte...Figure 4.2 Physical communication in the honey bee using the Waggle Dance. T...Figure 4.3 Life inside a honey bee hive is complex with many work activities...Figure 4.4 A colony of honey bees survives in large part because of the pres...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 The queen functions not only as the ovary of the honey bee supero...Figure 5.2 Whenever a “good” queen pauses on the comb, an ad hoc group of ad...Figure 5.3 A well‐fed queen is an egg‐laying machine, capable of producing a...Figure 5.4 To the untrained eye, virgin queens are difficult to spot. Look f...Figure 5.5 The leading edge of a “drone comet” chasing a “virgin” queen. At ...Figure 5.6 A freshly‐returned no‐longer‐a‐virgin exhibiting “mating sign” – ...Figure 5.7 Typically 10–14 days after emergence (dependent upon weather), a ...Figure 5.8 A histogram of colony performance (weight gain) of 35 colonies, s...Figure 5.9 Preconstructed natural “queen cups.” It is not unusual to see the...Figure 5.10 A typical supersedure cell. Supersedure cells are generally foun...Figure 5.11 A dissected supersedure cell after emergence, showing that the e...Figure 5.12 Two laying queens on the same comb face (the lower one is a bit ...Figure 5.13 Shaking bees through a sieve box to recover any queens. This is ...Figure 5.14 The thorax of a queen (center) or drone (lower right) is too bro...Figure 5.15 This aged queen (note the well‐polished thorax) became a “drone ...Figure 5.16 Typical queen cells, some sealed, some in development, along the...Figure 5.17 Typical swarm cells along the bottom bar of the upper brood cham...Figure 5.18 Bottom view of swarm cells prior to sealing. Note the huge amoun...Figure 5.19 An emerged queen cell, indicating that the colony has recently s...Figure 5.20 A sharp‐eyed vet can really impress a beekeeper when they walk u...Figure 5.21 An aged or damaged queen may not be able to fly far, and may lan...Figure 5.22 A beekeeper about to shake a low‐hanging swarm into an empty box...Figure 5.23 The author has too many times observed a novice beekeeper inadve...Figure 5.24 Typical emergency queen cells at about a day after initiation, s...Figure 5.25 Typical eggs from laying workers. Unlike those laid by a queen (...Figure 5.26 A nice egg‐laying pattern by a queen – each egg centered in its ...Figure 5.27 Raised drone cells scattered among worker cells, as opposed to g...Figure 5.28 Drone cells are normally built in discrete patches, rather than ...Figure 5.29 A brood frame with scattered drone cells. In this case, there we...Figure 5.30 A case of a young queen commencing egg laying without having mat...Figure 5.31 A solid brood pattern, indicating an excellent queen, and a well...Figure 5.32 An example of “spotty brood.” Although beekeepers often blame th...Figure 5.33 The queen is most often to be found on a brood frame, and not su...Figure 5.34 Queens are typically held by both wings. If you only get one win...Figure 5.35 Even when gently handled, some queens may play possum. Do not le...Figure 5.36 Placing a queen headfirst into a queen cage for her own protecti...Figure 5.37 Bee behavior indicating acceptance of a caged queen. The bees wi...Figure 5.38 Bees that are not accepting a queen. These workers are attemptin...Figure 5.39 The round opening at the bottom of the inserted queen cell indic...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Lineages of bees: Apis