35% (male 48%, female 22%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 2.5–3.0 million; agriculture 80% (1988 est.)
_#_Organized labor: Kampuchea Federation of Trade Unions (FSC); under government control
_*Government #_Long-form name: none
_#_Type: disputed between the National Government of Cambodia (NGC) led by Prince NORODOM SIHANOUK, and the State of Cambodia (SOC) led by HENG SAMRIN
_#_Capital: Phnom Penh
_#_Administrative divisions: NGC—18 provinces (khet, singular and plural) and 1 capital city* (rottatheanei); Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, Phnum Penh*, Pouthisat, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanokiri, Siemreab-Otdar Meanchey, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takev; note—the SOC adds a province of Banteay Meanchey and an autonomous municipality of Kampong Saom to the NGC administrative structure
_#_Independence: 9 November 1953 (from France)
_#_Constitution: SOC—27 June 1981
_#_National holidays: NGC—Independence Day, 17 April (1975); SOC—Liberation Day, 7 January (1979)
_#_Executive branch: NGC—president, prime minister; SOC—chairman of the Council of State, Council of State, chairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers
_#_Legislative branch: NGC—none; SOC—unicameral National Assembly
_#_Judicial branch: NGC—none; SOC—Supreme People's Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—NGC—President Prince NORODOM SIHANOUK (since NA July 1982); SOC—Chairman of the Council of State HENG SAMRIN (since 27 June 1981)
Head of Government—NGC—Prime Minister SON SANN (since NA July
1982);
SOC—Chairman of the Council of Ministers HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985)
_#_Political parties and leaders: NGC—three resistance groups
including:
Democratic Kampuchea (DK, also known as the Khmer Rouge) under KHIEU
SAMPHAN;
Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) under SON SANN;
and National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and
Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC) under Prince NORODOM RANNARIDH;
SOC—Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party (KPRP) led by HENG SAMRIN
_#_Suffrage: NGC—none; SOC—universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
NGC—none;
SOC—National Assembly—last held 1 May 1981; in February 1986 the
Assembly voted to extend its term for five years; results—KPRP is the
only party;
seats—(123 total) KPRP 123
_#_Member of: AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: none
_#_Flag: NGC—three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white stylized three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat centered on the red band;
SOC—two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and blue with a gold stylized five-towered temple representing Angkor Wat in the center
_*Economy #_Overview: Cambodia is a desperately poor country whose economic development has been stymied by deadly political infighting. The economy is based on agriculture and related industries. Over the past decade Cambodia has been slowly recovering from its near destruction by war and political upheaval. It still remains, however, one of the world's poorest countries, with an estimated per capita GDP of about $130. The food situation is precarious; during the 1980s famine has been averted only through international relief. In 1986 the production level of rice, the staple food crop, was able to meet only 80% of domestic needs. The biggest success of the nation's recovery program has been in new rubber plantings and in fishing. Industry, other than rice processing, is almost nonexistent. Foreign trade is primarily with the USSR and Vietnam. Statistical data on the economy continues to be sparse and unreliable. Foreign aid from the USSR and Eastern Europe almost certainly is being slashed.
_#_GDP: $890 million, per capita $130; real growth rate 0% (1989 est.)
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50% (first half 1990)
_#_Exports: $32 million (f.o.b., 1988);
commodities—natural rubber, rice, pepper, wood;
partners—Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India
_#_Imports: $147 million (c.i.f., 1988);
commodities—international food aid; fuels, consumer goods, machinery;
partners—Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India
_#_External debt: $600 million (1989)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%
_#_Electricity: 126,000 kW capacity; 150 million kWh produced, 20 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining
_#_Agriculture: mainly subsistence farming except for rubber plantations; main crops—rice, rubber, corn; food shortages—rice, meat, vegetables, dairy products, sugar, flour
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70–88), $719 million; Western (non-US) countries (1970–88), $285 million; Communist countries (1970–89), $1,800 million
_#_Currency: riel (plural—riels); 1 riel (CR) = 100 sen
_#_Exchange rates: riels (CR) per US$1—560 (November 1990), 159.00 (1988), 100.00 (1987), 30.00 (1986), 7.00 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications #_Railroads: 612 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned
_#_Highways: 13,351 km total; 2,622 km bituminous; 7,105 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth; 3,624 km unimproved earth; some roads in disrepair
_#_Inland waterways: 3,700 km navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km navigable to craft drawing 1.8 meters
_#_Ports: Kampong Saom, Phnom Penh
_#_Airports: 22 total, 9 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440–3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220–2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: service barely adequate for government requirements and virtually nonexistent for general public; international service limited to Vietnam and other adjacent countries; stations—1 AM, no FM, 1 TV
_*Defense Forces #_Branches: SOC—Cambodian People's Armed Forces (CPAF); Communist resistance forces—National Army of Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge); non-Communist resistance forces—Armee National Kampuchea Independent (ANKI) which is sometimes anglicized as National Army of Independent Cambodia (NAIC) and Khmer People's National Liberation Armed Forces (KPNLAF)
_#_Manpower availability: males 15–49, 1,869,880; 1,030,356 fit for military service; 57,288 reach military age (18) annually
_#Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP % @Cameroon *Geography #_Total area: 475,440 km2; land area: 469,440 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than California
_#_Land boundaries: 4,591 km total;