kWh consumption per capita: 8,475 kWh (1992) Industries: mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, steel Agriculture: accounts for 5% of GDP and over 30% of export revenues; world's largest exporter of beef and wool, second-largest for mutton, and among top wheat exporters; major crops - wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruit; livestock - cattle, sheep, poultry Illicit drugs: Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate Economic aid: donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1970–89), $10.4 billion Currency: 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4364 (January 1994), 1.4704 (1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989) Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
@Australia, Communications
Railroads:
40,478 km total; 7,970 km 1.600-meter gauge, 16,201 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 16,307 km 1.067-meter gauge; 183 km dual gauge; 1,130
km electrified; government owned (except for a few hundred kilometers
of privately owned track) (1985)
Highways:
total:
837,872 km
paved:
243,750 km
unpaved:
gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 228,396 km; unimproved earth
365,726 km
Inland waterways:
8,368 km; mainly by small, shallow-draft craft
Pipelines:
crude oil 2,500 km; petroleum products 500 km; natural gas 5,600 km
Ports:
Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Devonport, Fremantle, Geelong,
Hobart, Launceston, Mackay, Melbourne, Sydney, Townsville
Merchant marine:
83 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,517,538 GRT/3,711,549 DWT,
bulk 30, cargo 8, chemical tanker 3, combination bulk 2, container 7,
liquefied gas 5, oil tanker 18, roll-on/roll-off cargo 7, short-sea
passenger 2, vehicle carrier 1
Airports:
total:
481
usable:
440
with permanent-surface runways:
241
with runways over 3,659 m:
1
with runways 2,440–3,659 m:
20
with runways 1,220–2,439 m:
268
Telecommunications:
good international and domestic service; 8.7 million telephones;
broadcast stations - 258 AM, 67 FM, 134 TV; submarine cables to New
Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia; domestic satellite service;
satellite stations - 4 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 6 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
earth stations
@Australia, Defense Forces
Branches:
Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air Force
Manpower availability:
males age 15–49 4,885,574; fit for military service 4,239,459; reach
military age (17) annually 133,337 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $7.1 billion, 2.4% of GDP (FY92/93)
@Austria, Geography
Location:
Central Europe, between Germany and Hungary
Map references:
Africa, Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
83,850 sq km
land area:
82,730 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than Maine
Land boundaries:
total 2,496 km, Czech Republic 362 km, Germany 784 km, Hungary 366 km,
Italy 430 km, Liechtenstein 37 km, Slovakia 91 km, Slovenia 262 km,
Switzerland 164 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none; landlocked
International disputes:
none
Climate:
temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in
lowlands and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers
Terrain:
in the west and south mostly mountains (Alps); along the eastern and
northern margins mostly flat or gently sloping
Natural resources:
iron ore, petroleum, timber, magnesite, aluminum, lead, coal, lignite,
copper, hydropower
Land use:
arable land:
17%
permanent crops:
1%
meadows and pastures:
24%
forest and woodland:
39%
other:
19%
Irrigated land:
40 sq km (1989)
Environment:
current issues:
some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution; soil
pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals; air
pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power stations
and industrial plants
natural hazards:
NA
international agreements:
party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber,
Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Biodiversity, Law of the
Sea
Note:
landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe
with many easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major river is
the Danube; population is concentrated on eastern lowlands because of
steep slopes, poor soils, and low temperatures elsewhere
@Austria, People
Population:
7,954,974 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth