MQW solar cell.Figure 19.15 Simulated AlGaAs/GaAs band diagram.Figure 19.16 Doping Profile of AlGaAs/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.17 I-V curve of AlGaAs/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.18 Effect of varying thickness of AlGaAs/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.19 Effect of varying doping concentration for 5nm layer thickness.Figure 19.20 Effect of varying doping concentration for 10nm layer thickness.Figure 19.21 Varying Cathode Current with Anode Voltage (a) Complete (b) Magnifi...Figure 19.22 (a) Isc for different heterojunction based solar cells (b) Voc for ...Figure 19.23 (a) Fill factor for different solar cells (b) Efficiency for differ...
20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Features affecting dust settlement on the PV panel surface [8].Figure 20.2 Various types of cleaning systems [37].Figure 20.3 Self-mechanical cleaning method [45].Figure 20.4 Electrodynamic screens diagram [35].Figure 20.5 Drone-based autonomous dust cleaning system [52].Figure 20.6 Water droplets on the hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface [57].
21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Block diagram of the proposed system.Figure 21.2 Depiction of sunlight-based board.Figure 21.3 Depiction of lead corrosive battery.
22 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Typical representation of a thin film solar cell architecture (a) su...Figure 22.2 Maximum theoretical efficiency obtainable for TFSC absorbers with di...Figure 22.3 Crystal structure of Kesterite CZTS (Cu2ZnSnS4) (orange: Cu, blue: S...Figure 22.4 The schematic of the CZTS thin film solar cell.Figure 22.5 UV-test results, left shows clear side and right shows the foggy sid...Figure 22.6 Vacuum coating system used to fabricate thin film solar cell.Figure 22.7 (a) Molybdenum target and (b) substrate holder.Figure 22.8 Photograph of RF sputtering of window layer.Figure 22.9 Photograph of Cr and Ag deposition chamber.Figure 22.10 Finger type grid used to deposit of Cr/Ag contact.Figure 22.11 Fabricated CZTS solar cells (a) without scribing and, (b) with mech...Figure 22.12 Typical I-V characteristic of solar cell.Figure 22.13 I-V characteristics of 1D CZTS solar cell.Figure 22.14 I-V characteristics of 1D4S CZTS solar cell.Figure 22.15 I-V characteristics of 1D5S CZTS solar cell under dark (dotted line...Figure 22.16 The comparative Quantum Efficiency (QE) of CZTS solar cells.
23 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 Structure of solar cell.Figure 23.2 Equivalent circuit of two-diode structure.Figure 23.3 Flow chart for gravitational search algorithm.Figure 23.4 I-V Plot of DDM.
24 Chapter 24Figure 24.1 Global cumulative installed SPV capacity.Figure 24.2 Schematic representation of MPPT scheme.Figure 24.3 Equivalent electrical circuit of a solar cell.Figure 24.4 Characteristic curves at variable insolation and constant temperatur...Figure 24.5 Characteristic curves at variable temperature and constant insolatio...Figure 24.6 P-V characteristic curve.Figure 24.7 Flowchart of P&O MPPT scheme.Figure 24.8 Performance analysis of (a) proposed P&O (b) classical P&O [10].Figure 24.9 Performance of presented scheme (a) power (b) voltage [11].Figure 24.10 Comparative performance of presented algorithm with (a) conventiona...Figure 24.11 (a) Solar insolation pattern (b) SPV power of P&O ...Figure 24.12 (a) Insolation & temperature variation (b) duty ratio variation (c)...Figure 24.13 Flowchart of IC MPPT scheme.Figure 24.14 (a) Power at variable solar insolation and constant temperature (b)...Figure 24.15 (a) Power at variable solar insolation and constant temperature (b)...Figure 24.16 SPV voltage, current, and power employing IC MPPT scheme [16].Figure 24.17 SPV Power, current, and voltage profile of the proposed MPPT scheme...Figure 24.18 Performance of proposed MPPT scheme under various insolation levels...Figure 24.19 Proposed MPPT scheme under (a) fix R and ramp insolation variation ...Figure 24.20 Proposed MPPT scheme under (a) fix insolation at 1000 W/m2 and ramp...Figure 24.21 Flowchart of the FL-based MPPT scheme.Figure 24.22 Performance analysis of proposed MPPT scheme (a) power (b) voltage ...Figure 24.23 Comparative analysis of proposed MPPT scheme in terms of (a) power ...Figure 24.24 Schematic representation of battery charger employing FL-based MPPT...Figure 24.25 SPV power output employing FL-based MPPT [22].Figure 24.26 Schematic representation of battery charger employing FL-DPID based...Figure 24.27 Structure of FL-DPID MPPT [23].Figure 24.28 Comparative analysis of FL-DPID, P&O, and IC MPPT schemes [23].Figure 24.29 SPV power of the proposed MPPT scheme at (a) insolation 1000 W/m2 a...Figure 24.30 Comparative SPV power analysis of proposed MPPT scheme [25].Figure 24.31 SPV power of various MPPT scheme at (a) constant solar insolation (...Figure 24.32 SPV parameters of the proposed MPPT scheme (a) power (b) voltage [2...
25 Chapter 25Figure 25.1 Multilevel inverter with alternative sources.Figure 25.2 15-level inverter with two structures [19].Figure 25.3 Output voltage waveform of 15-level inverter.Figure 25.4 Harmonic content of 15-level inverter.Figure 25.5 Simple structured inverter [20].Figure 25.6 Connection of four simple structured inverter with half bridge [20].Figure 25.7 Voltage waveform of 27-level inverter.Figure 25.8 Prototype of four structured symmetric inverter [20].Figure 25.9 Output voltage waveform of 27-level inverter fed to impedance load.Figure 25.10 Presence of harmonics in 27-level inverter fed to impedance load.Figure 25.11 31-level asymmetric inverter [21].Figure 25.12 Asymmetric output voltage of resistance load.Figure 25.13 Presence of harmonic level in asymmetric output voltage of resistan...Figure 25.14 Presence of harmonic level in asymmetric output voltage of impedanc...Figure 25.15 Inverter design with three packed cell [22].Figure 25.16 Existence of harmonics at restive load in the three packed cell inv...Figure 25.17 Existence of harmonics at restive load in the three packed cell inv...
26 Chapter 26Figure 26.1 (a) P – ɷ and (b) Q-V droop methods.Figure 26.2 General topology of the proposed DC-micro-grid connection by (a) PV ...Figure 26.3 The I-V and P-V characteristics of the applied PV-array.Figure 26.4 The PV cell equivalent circuit in a PV array.Figure 26.5 Proposed topology.Figure 26.6 (a) The selected converter, and the state of the converter when the ...Figure 26.7 Droop in DC micro-grid for two DC-DC converter units.Figure 26.8 Conventional droop controller, (a) load current and (b) load voltage...Figure 26.9 Proposed droop controller.Figure 26.10 Proposed algorithm for power DSM.Figure 26.11 The voltage droop for the high power applications (R1 = R2 = R3 = 1...Figure 26.12 The voltage droop for the high power applications (R1 = 50 Ω and R2...Figure 26.13 The voltage droop for the medium power applications (R1 = 50 Ω and ...Figure 26.14 The transmitted power values by (a) first, (b) second and (c) third...Figure 26.15 The transmitted power values by (a) first, (b) second and (c) third...Figure 26.16 The transmitted power values by (a) first, (b) second and (c) third...Figure 26.17 The transmitted power values by (a) first, (b) second and (c) third...Figure 26.18 The transmitted power values by (a) first, (b) second and (c) third...Figure 26.19 The transmitted power values by (a) first, (b) second and (c) third...Figure 26.20 Efficiency comparison for the selected and cascaded converters.Figure 26.21 Implemented hardware.Figure 26.22 Experimental results. Output current with (a) one and (b) two loads...Figure 26.23 Efficiency comparison for the selected converter in simulation and ...
27 Chapter 27Figure 27.1 Schematic diagram of small-scale stand-alone HRES.Figure 27.2 Energy management system.Figure 27.3 Hardware implementation of small-scale stand-alone HRES.Figure 27.4 Renewable input variations.Figure 27.5 DC bus voltage.Figure 27.6 Power at sources and load.Figure 27.7 Renewable input variations.Figure 27.8 DC bus voltage.Figure 27.9 Power at sources and load.Figure 27.10 Block diagram of grid-connected HRES system.Figure 27.11 Schematic diagram of grid-connected HRES.Figure 27.12 Solar irradiance and wind speed levels.Figure 27.13 DC bus voltage.Figure 27.14 HRES feeder voltage.Figure 27.15 FFT analysis at feeder 1.Figure 27.16 FFT analysis at feeder 2.Figure 27.17 FFT analysis at feeder 1.Figure 27.18 FFT analysis at feeder 2.
28 Chapter 28Figure 28.1 Diagrammatic representation of battery.Figure 28.2 Comparison of batteries based on energy density.Figure 28.3 Schematic view of air cooling BTM system.Figure 28.4 Schematic view of passive liquid cooling BTM system.Figure 28.5 Schematic view of active liquid cooling BTM system.Figure 28.6 Schematic view of refrigerant cooling BTM system.Figure 28.7 Battery modules with PCM matrix.Figure 28.8 PCM temperature variation curve.Figure 28.9 Heat pipe battery management systems.Figure 28.10 Schematic view of thermoelectric cooling BTM system.
List of Tables
1 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Device design parameters for simulation of (a) hetero structure (b) ho...Table 2.2 Lists of computed electrical parameters of double gate (a) hetero stru...Table 2.3 Lists of computed design parameters of the homo structure DG -TFET wit...Table 2.4 Lists of computed design parameters of the hetero structure DG -TFET w...Table 2.5 Lists of the computed