Circular Economy For Dummies. Eric Corey Freed

be felt, driving companies to start measuring, tracking, and reducing their impacts in meaningful ways.

      As the trends, economic indicators, and investments are showing, interest in the circular economy is on the upswing, and companies can capture some valuable benefits by choosing this approach.

      The financial, health, compliance, and sustainability drivers will carry the world to a bright circular future.

SHAR OLIVIER SPEAKS

      Shar Olivier, senior sustainability consultant at Vessel, an environmental services and clean energy consultancy group based in New York, has the following to say about developing a circular economy strategy:

       Strategy in the circular economy creates closed loops. Currently, our economy and industry use a take-and-make linear model. Raw materials are mined and used as products and then thrown away. Waste, pollution, and resource scarcity are hallmarks of this linear model. In the circular economy, most materials enter back into either the biological or technical streams. In our work, we strive to create design thinking for the circular economy model. We use data, lifecycle assessment, and design thinking to create solutions through products and services that foster a closed loop, zero-waste strategy.

       Over a decade ago, we started a disposable paper product company called Full Circle. We used post-industrial waste (sugar cane husk fibers) that were headed for the landfill or incinerator as our material. We took the ground-up fibers (also known as bagasse) and shaped them into plates and cups that could then be composted after use. We saved the material from ending up in a landfill or, worse, being burned and releasing greenhouse gases, furthering climate change. That material then became our product. By creating a zero-waste production plan, we prevented pollution and created a viable product that could then be returned to the biological stream through composting. We created an everyday product like paper plates, but instead of using virgin forest trees as fibers, we took the stalks from sugar cane, used to make sugar, and reused the spent fibers to make useful products that would then be composted. We closed the loop!

       Petroleum-based plastic is an enemy of the circular economy. Only 2 percent of plastic sent to be recycled actually gets recycled. Single-use petroleum plastics clog our waterways and, by 2030, it is estimated that there will be more plastic than fish in our oceans! As part of the solution strategy for plastic, we designed disposable, compostable, plant-based plastic cutlery from vegetable starch. Potatoes and other plants that contain high levels of starch provide excellent binders needed to create sturdy, plant-based plastic cutlery. After use, instead of ending up in a landfill, our forks and spoons can be safely composted. These bionutrients go back into the stream and we closed the loop.

       Another terrific example of transition strategy to the circular economy model is when a large. US-based household company that produces detergents and other solvents brands has thousands of tons of waste detergent annually, due to specs not being met for human use. The make-and-take-then-dispose linear model dictates that this soap (hundreds of thousands of tons of it!) be sent to a landfill each year. This company’s sustainable strategy team decided to cull it from the waste stream and sell it to car washes. This created millions of dollars in a new revenue stream while saving hundreds of tons of waste from the landfill. They closed the loop!

       Recycling, reuse, and zero-waste streams are at the core of the circular economy model. In our consulting with large companies, universities, and government agencies, we strive to create strategies, policies, and production processes that realize our natural resources are finite. We cannot afford to use up and throw away petroleum, forests, precious metals and other resources that then create pollution, contaminate water and air, and become hazardous to wildlife and biodiversity. When we understand and embrace the circular economy strategy, scarcity, deforestation, pollution, and waste become problems of the past.

Chapter 4

      From Linear To Circular: What You Need To Know

      IN THIS CHAPTER

      

Understanding the key differences between a linear and circular economy

      

Identifying how waste from one system can become a resource for another

      

Investigating how resilience influences the circular economy

      When scientists drop the scary-sounding term entropy into a conversation, all they’re doing is describing the amount of waste or disorder in a system. Even within the most efficient circular systems — like the ones this book is focused on — waste and disorder will exist. And it has to exist, because waste is a vital component of the second law of thermodynamics. If you paid attention in physics class, you’ll remember that this second law addresses the irreversibility of natural processes and the limitation of efficiency. Does it ring a bell? No? Okay, well, for those of you who passed notes during physics class, the idea here is that there's a limit to how efficiently energy can be transferred between systems — waste will always exist, most commonly as heat loss. This is why neither a fully circular economy nor a perpetual motion device will ever exist. Wait — you might believe that this statement massively contradicts the intentions of this book, but we promise you, you would be wrong.

Most people grow up believing that waste is just something that goes “away,” right? You put your white, plastic trash bag in the garbage can and some big, diesel-powered truck magically removes it from your life to a faraway land. But that’s the wrong way to look at waste, and, honestly, that perspective is responsible for why the world is in the pickle it’s in today. Waste — or the energy that will inevitably leave a system — doesn’t need to be piled a mile high in a landfill. It doesn’t even need to go away. We’re wasting precious resources every time it does go away. If we humans redefine what waste means to us, acknowledge that it doesn’t need to exist, and redirect it based on how energy flows occur in nature — as food for another system— we can eliminate pollution and the natural tendencies of entropy.

      

This idea that waste equals food is clearly identifiable within the natural world. A leaf, for example, acts as an energy collection source for the tree, eventually falls gently to the ground, and then becomes a habitat and/or food source for a wide variety of little critters. Insects in the soil then consume the leaf matter and convert its material back to nutrients that provide the tree with what it needs in order to grow new leaves. Waste = Food. It's as simple as that. Imagine if insects decided to instead collect all the leaves and pile them up far away. Would the trees suffer or flourish? What if insects had landfills?

So Much Chaos: Understanding Entropy

      Knowing all about entropy is great if you want to win at Scientific Trivial Pursuit, but what does entropy have to do with the circular economy? The second law of thermodynamics suggests that, throughout the various conversions of energy in nature — like the sun’s rays melting snow or energy from a coal-fired power plant being converted into electricity — waste will always exist. Entropy is a measure of the energy unavailable to people in a closed thermodynamic system. In other words, entropy is the loss of energy that cannot be transferred from one matter to another.

      So, how does this concept apply to the circular economy? It’s relevant because, as the second law of thermodynamics tells us, even in a closed, circular system, waste will exist — regardless of how efficient we make those systems. So, for a circular economy to exist, waste and the need for new, raw material inputs must be accepted and built into the process. The goal isn’t to eliminate waste completely — because that’s impossible — but rather to eliminate controllable waste, also known