7Table 7.1 Hierarchy of Magnetic Field Structures and Evolutionary Patterns
List of Illustrations
1 PrefaceFigure I.1 Illustration of the complex solar environment and the recent obse...
2 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Radial evolution of solar wind temperatures from the corona to 1 ...Figure 1.2 Outflow velocity (km/s) of the solar wind for the considered four...Figure 1.3 2D map of radial outflow velocity in the plane of the sky derived...Figure 1.4 Propagating brightness fluctuations (green/black) derived from CO...Figure 1.5 (a–c) Polar plots of the solar wind speed, colored by IMF polarit...Figure 1.6 Configuration in the inner heliosphere of a “ballerina skirt” hel...Figure 1.7 Typical time profiles of solar wind parameters for a selected sol...Figure 1.8 Element abundances as a function of the first ionization potentia...Figure 1.9 Left: The abundance of helium (computed as 100 times the density ...Figure 1.10 Two schematics illustrating CIRs where the fast solar wind catch...Figure 1.11 Solar wind number density data for 15 January 1997. Bottom x‐axi...Figure 1.12 Occurrence distribution of flux tube sizes mapped to the solar s...Figure 1.13 Highly idealized planar projection of a slightly asymmetric reco...Figure 1.14 Top: Typical spectrum of magnetic field fluctuations in the sola...Figure 1.15 Electron temperature anisotropy of the halo (Ah = Th⊥/Th∥...Figure 1.16 Typical electron velocity distribution function (VDF) observed b...Figure 1.17 Kinetic shells formed in the electron VDF by resonant electron–w...
3 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 A total solar eclipse viewed in white light from Earth.Figure 2.2 Plotted is a typical temperature as a function of height defining...Figure 2.3 Left shows an X‐ray image taken on 7 March 1970 from an Aerobee r...Figure 2.4 Shown is a composite image from the SDO. Three images of the Sun ...Figure 2.5 This cartoon shows the atmospheric layers of the Sun. Large‐scale...Figure 2.6 Similar to Figure 2.5, with additional complexity of the observat...Figure 2.7 Alfvén waves observed in the chromosphere. (A) Spicules in Hinode...Figure 2.8 A cartoon representation of a magnetic reconnection event generat...Figure 2.9 Active region (AR) differential emission measure curve. The emiss...Figure 2.10 Emission measure as a function of temperature for nanoflare trai...Figure 2.11 Magnetic reconnection observed after braiding in Hi‐C for a C1.7...Figure 2.12 Results from the DEM inversion for different areas (indicated by...Figure 2.13 Map of temperature in an active region (AR). The Green scale ref...Figure 2.14 High‐resolution radiative MHD simulation spanning the convection...Figure 2.15 Diagnostics from a thermodynamic MHD model of the global corona ...
4 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Full‐disk image of the photospheric longitudinal (line‐of‐sight) ...Figure 3.2 Quiet Sun at the disk center as observed by the Hinode SOT‐SP on ...Figure 3.3 Schematic diagram of the major global photospheric flux‐transport...Figure 3.4 Butterfly diagram (latitude–time plot) based on Kitt Peak magneto...Figure 3.5 The latitudinal centroids of the active‐region fields as function...Figure 3.6 Ten‐day averages of the north (red solid lines) and south (blue d...Figure 3.7 Potential‐field source‐surface models representing the beginnings...Figure 3.8 South polar view of the magnetic field strength taken at 12:02:19...Figure 3.9 A TiO band (706 nm) photospheric image of a sunspot observed on 2...Figure 3.10 Schematic representation of a magnetic flux tube (green lines in...Figure 3.11 High‐resolution Hα image of a filament on the disk. A main ...Figure 3.12 Two contrasting examples of solar prominences observed above the...Figure 3.13 Three‐dimensional representation of the photospheric vector magn...Figure 3.14 A diagram representing a model for filament formation due to she...Figure 3.15 A TRACE 171 Ǻ image of the coronal loop structure above an activ...Figure 3.16 An SDO/AIA 193 Ǻ image of the full solar disk showing a prominen...Figure 3.17 (a–c) Polar plots of the solar wind speed for Ulysses’s three po...Figure 3.18 Top: Soft X‐ray (red), hard X‐ray (blue), and gamma‐ray (purple)...Figure 3.19 Top: Schematic drawing of the standard CSHKP (Carmichael Sturroc...Figure 3.20 Scatter plot of free magnetic energy against relative magnetic h...Figure 3.21 Solar spectral irradiance received at the top of Earth’s atmosph...Figure 3.22 Comparison of five different TSI composites.Figure 3.23 Comparison of SSI measurements obtained by various instruments w...Figure 3.24 Variation of measured total solar irradiance (TSI) compared to t...Figure 3.25 Solar spectral irradiance variability.Figure 3.26 Top: Solar images acquired with AIA at 211 nm. Middle: Total sol...Figure 3.27 Schematic representation of the main steps involved in a semi‐em...Figure 3.28 TSI variability obtained from two cosmogenic isotopes records us...Figure 3.29 Reconstructions of irradiance variability from the Maunder minim...Figure 3.30 (Panel a) Synoptic maps of Carrington Rotation 1708 of pseudo‐ma...Figure 3.31 An early observation of the solar chromosphere in the Ca II K li...Figure 3.32 Number of available Mount Wilson solar Ca II K spectroheliograms...Figure 3.33 These solar images illustrate typical data for three consecutive...Figure 3.34 Number of calibrated solar Ca II K spectroheliograms per year....Figure 3.35 Left: Relationship between the annual mean values of the plage i...Figure 3.36 Typical Ca II K Sun‐as‐a‐star spectrum obtained by the ISS instr...
5 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Time profiles typical for observers at different positions relati...Figure 4.2 Time profiles of energetic storm particle (ESP) event types. Quas...Figure 4.3 Energetic particle time profiles during the SEP event of 14 July ...Figure 4.4 Measured spectral indices of ions observed at the time of peak in...Figure 4.5 Spectral indices of oxygen during ESP events versus the theoretic...Figure 4.6 Band (solid blue curve) and Ellison–Ramaty (dashed red curve) fit...Figure 4.7 Proton spectrum from Pamela for the 14 December 2006 ground‐level...Figure 4.8 SEP abundances (relative to O), normalized to local galactic valu...Figure 4.9 SEP abundances (relative to Si) normalized to solar wind values v...Figure 4.10 Fluences for O and Fe (left axis) versus energy exhibit differen...Figure 4.11 Fe/O ratios versus time as calculated at the same energy/nucleon...Figure 4.12 Helios and IMP 8 time profiles of energetic protons reveal that ...Figure 4.13 Overview of impulsive 3He‐rich SEP events: Clockwise from bottom...Figure 4.14 (a): Histogram of 1191 solar electron