of Birmingham (UK)
Contents
1 Periodontitis, obesity and diabetes mellitus
1.3 Cellular and molecular mechanisms
1.4 Guidelines for prevention and treatment of patients with diabetes
2 Periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
2.3 Cellular and molecular mechanisms
3 Periodontitis and chronic kidney disease
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Clinical evidence
3.3 Cellular and molecular mechanisms
3.4 Conclusion
3.5 Acknowledgement
3.6 References
4 Periodontitis and inflammatory bowel disease
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Clinical evidence
4.3 Cellular and molecular mechanisms
4.4 Conclusion
4.5 References
5 Periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Clinical evidence
5.3 Cellular and molecular mechanisms
5.4 Conclusion
5.5 Acknowledgement
5.6 References
6 Periodontitis and respiratory diseases
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Clinical evidence
6.3 Cellular and molecular mechanisms
6.4 Conclusion
6.5 Acknowledgement
6.6 References
7 Periodontitis, pregnancy and fertility
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Clinical evidence
7.3 Cellular and molecular mechanisms
7.4 Effect of pregnancy on periodontal tissues
7.5 Conclusion
7.6 Acknowledgement
7.7 References
8 Periodontitis and malignancy
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Clinical evidence
8.3 Cellular and molecular mechanisms
8.4 Conclusion
8.5 References
9 Periodontitis and neurodegenerative diseases
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Cellular and molecular mechanisms
9.3 Clinical evidence
9.4 Conclusion
9.5 References
10 Periodontitis, stress and depression
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Clinical evidence
10.3 Cellular and molecular mechanisms
10.4 Conclusion
10.5 References
11 Periodontitis and autoimmunity
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Cellular and molecular mechanisms
11.3 Clinical evidence
11.4 Conclusion
11.5 References
Figure source directory
Josefine Hirschfeld and Iain L. C. Chapple
Periodontitis is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease that impacts 45% to 50% of adults worldwide, with severe disease affecting 7.4%1 to 11.2%2. The global incidence of severe periodontitis in 2015 was 6 million, accounting for 3.5 million disability associated life years (DALYs, a measure of disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to morbidity), compared with 1.7 million DALYs for untreated caries in adult teeth; more than any other oral disease1. Moreover, the indirect cost to the global economy in 2015 of severe periodontitis was estimated at US $54 billion in productivity losses3 and the human cost is also significant in terms of reduced nutrition, social confidence and oral health-related quality of life. Periodontitis prevalence increases with age, with a steep incline between the third and fourth decades of life. Due to the growing world population, associated with an increasing life expectancy and a decrease in the prevalence of caries-related