16 9 Geomagnetic Field Impacts on Ground Systems 9.1. BACKGROUND FOR POWER SYSTEMS 9.2. GEOMAGNETIC STORM ENVIRONMENT MODEL 9.3. GROUND MODELS AND ELECTRIC FIELD CALCULATION 9.4. US ELECTRIC POWER GRID CIRCUIT MODEL 9.5. TRANSFORMER AND AC POWER GRID PERFORMANCE MODEL 9.6. THE EVOLVING VULNERABILITY OF ELECTRIC POWER GRIDS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR HISTORICALLY LARGE STORMS 9.7. SIMULATIONS AND REVIEW OF STORM IMPACTS ON THE US POWER GRID 9.8. DESCRIPTIONS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF GEOMAGNETIC STORMS 9.9. IMPACTS ON OTHER TYPES OF GROUND SYSTEMS REFERENCES
17 Epilogue: The Road to Future Progress in Space Weather Understanding
18 Index
List of Tables
1 Chapter 2Table 2.1 List of 23 satellite anomalies from 1971. (Reproduced with permissi...Table 2.2 Initial breakdown voltages for solar panel and thermal blanket samp...Table 2.3 Maximum E and B fields radiated by arcs on solar panel and thermal ...Table 2.4 Summary of CRRES IDM preflight deep charging ground test results. (...Table 2.5 Charge decay tests in vacuum yield resistivities and electrical tim...
2 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Skin dose thresholds.Table 3.2 Dose limits for short‐term or career noncancer effects (in mGy‐Eq o...Table 3.3 RBE values for noncancer effects of the eye lens, skin, blood formi...Table 3.4 ESA radiation exposure limits.Table 3.5 RSA radiation exposure limits.Table 3.6 JAXA organ radiation exposure limits.Table 3.7 JAXA career effective dose limits (Sv).Table 3.8 Organ dose and effective dose in cis‐Lunar space for female crew me...Table 3.9 Organ dose and effective dose in cis‐Lunar space for female crew me...Table 3.10 Organ doses and effective dose for female crew members for the Aug...Table 3.11 Organ dose and effective dose in cis‐Lunar space for female crew m...
3 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Solar indices related to atmospheric heating.Table 5.2 Characteristics of daily JB2008 solar indices.
4 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Burst PDF regression parameters.
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 A modern‐day view of the Earth’s radiation belts as observed by t...Figure 1.2 A schematic diagram showing spacecraft impacts due to the space e...Figure 1.3 A map of the Earth showing contours of constant surface magnetic ...Figure 1.4 Illustration of the (a) single event upset, (b) deep‐dielectric d...Figure 1.5 Observed solar array current reduction on a high‐altitude spacecr...Figure 1.6 Long‐term (1992–2013) record of 2 ≤ E ≤ 6 MeV electrons measured ...Figure 1.7 Temporal correspondence between star tracker anomalies onboard a ...Figure 1.8 Induced attenuation of fiber optic cabling signals due to accumul...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Local‐time distribution of anomalies observed by several geostati...Figure 2.2 “Musical” diagram showing 3‐hourly values of the planetary magnet...Figure 2.3 Phase space density of particles before and during eclipseFigure 2.4 Analysis suggested that DSCS II dielectric surfaces could charge ...Figure 2.5 Distribution of ATS‐6 charging events with local time and by volt...Figure 2.6 Discharges detected during eclipse charging event.Figure 2.7 Multiple discharges occurred during sunlit (differential) chargin...Figure 2.8 Most of the discharges detected by the CEEA occurred in the midni...Figure 2.9 Comparison of NASCAP predictions and in‐orbit observations of Kap...Figure 2.10 Comparison of NASCAP predicted spacecraft frame charging with ob...Figure 2.11 Large differential potentials were induced around the METEOSAT‐1...Figure 2.12 Worst‐case discharges are insensitive to mono‐, dual‐, and spect...Figure 2.13 Effect of sunlight (UV) intensity on charging of dielectrics and...Figure 2.14 Example of discharge occurrences during conditions of reduced su...Figure 2.15 “Wishbone map” of surface charging hazard risks versus altitude ...Figure 2.16 Local time distribution of all anomalies.Figure 2.17 Seasonal distribution of all anomalies.Figure 2.18 Local time and seasonal distribution of anomalies on GOES 4, 5, ...Figure 2.19 TDRS‐1 CVU anomalies associated with very specific local time an...Figure 2.20 Local time distribution of antenna positioner electronic upsets...Figure 2.21 Surface charging initiated sustained vacuum arcs begin with conv...Figure 2.22 Sustained arc and permanent damage that occurred during EOS‐AM g...Figure 2.23 Source of commercial satellite anomalies by number (left) and am...Figure 2.24 Safe voltage and current limits that prevent sustained arcs deri...