Organic Electronics for Electrochromic Materials and Devices. Hong Meng

(Figure 2.13) [135]. The novelty of the present research consists in the use of DNA membrane with different LiClO₄ ratios in order to achieve new EC windows with good performances [135].

Figure 2.13 An electrochromic device containing DNA‐based electrolyte.

      Source: Tihan et al. [135].

2.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook

The field of PE is steadily broadening, as more and more various application are presented. Although lithium‐ion‐based electrolytes have been commercialized, such as applied in pull down window shades on Boeing 787 Dreamliner, smart glass in Ferrari 575 M Superamerica, and Flexity 2 light rail vehicles, some disadvantages such as poor safety, easy leakage, and unstable electrochemical performance limit its further development and wider applications. In this chapter, we have provided fundamental understanding of requirements for EC applications. In the meantime, recent progresses on polymer‐based electrolytes were summarized, including PEO/PVDF/PMMA gel polymer, self‐healing polymer, cross‐linking polymer, ceramic polymer, IL polymer, and gelatin PEs. The use of composite PEs has been identified as a promising method to improve the performance of electrolytes.

Table 2.1 Polymer hosts generally studied with the examples of gel polymer electrolyte complexes and their respective highest ionic conductivities.

Polymer electrolyte	EC materials	Ionic conductivity (S/cm)	Electrochemical stability window (V)	Optical modulation (%)	Stability	References
p(trimethylenecarbonate [TMC])/PEO	Prussian Blue/PEDOT	1.33 × 10−6	−1.5 ∼ 1	8 ∼ 30	Full color switch (>600 s)	[138]
PEO/PVDF	TiO2	6.98 × 10−6	—	90	—	[15]
PEO/LiClO4	PEDOT:PSS	4.2 × 10−4	−3.0 ∼ 3.0	22	No significant change	[139]
P(VDF‐TrFE)/PEO	PEDOT:PSS	6.79 × 10−4	−1.0 ∼ 0.5	60	—	[140]
PEMA/poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF)‐HFP	WO3//CeO2–TiO2	1.46 × 10−6	−1.3 ∼ −0.8	81	—	[141]
PVdF‐HFP/silane‐functionalized ZrO2	PANI:DBSA	1.78 × 10−3	−4.0 ∼ 4.0	70	—	[142]
PVDF‐HFP/POEI‐ISF4	Nanofibers	8.62 × 10−3	0 ∼ 1.2	68.7	95.5% of ΔT	[143]
PVDF‐co‐HFP/[EMI][TFSI]	1,1′‐bis(3‐fluoro‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐4,4′‐bipyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TFMFPhV(TFSI)2)	6.7 × 10−3	−0.35 ∼ 0	∼73	∼14% decrease of ΔT after 24 h	[144]
IL/PVDF‐HFP	PEDOT:PSS	1.13 × 10−3	−1.4 ∼ 1.4	∼24	—	[54]
TMPD/HV(BF4)2/SN/PVDF‐HFP	TMPD/HV(BF4)2/succinonitrile	1 × 10−3	0 ∼ 0.9	60.1	74.7% of the original ΔT after 2000 cycles	[145]
[Emim]BF4/PMMA	WO3	2.9 × 10−3(RT)	−3.0 ∼ 1.5	88	—	[146]
Poly(ether ether ketone) membrane	IR‐VEDs	6.8 × 10−3	−1.0 ∼ 1.0	47	Good cycling stability	[147]
PVDF‐HFP:PMMA/LiClO4	—	2.83 × 10−4	—	—	—	[148]
PMMA/SN‐PC	WO3//brain natriuretic peptide (PBNPs)	1.46 × 10−3	−2.5 ∼ 2.0	52.4	44.5% after 2250 cycles	[149]
Poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL)/SiO2	PEDOT: PSS	5.2 × 10−3	−4.0 ∼ 1.0	30.6	Good stability (100 cycles)	[150]
Polyvinyl butyral (PVB)‐based GPEFs	WO3//Ni1−xO	4.0 × 10−5	−2.0 ∼ 2.0	65.8