overraskende, at denne deklassering og lavenes ophævelse gav anledning til en fornyet organisationsdannelse efter fag. Den klassiske købstad førte således på flere områder en vigtig arv med sig over til industribyen. Det blev i høj grad håndværkersvendenes traditioner for kollektive aktioner og selvorganisation, der blev ført videre af den nye arbejderbevægelse.72 Købstædernes lokalisering fik også blivende betydning. Det var yderst forskelligt, hvordan og hvornår den industrielle udvikling satte ind i de forskellige byer, og endnu i begyndelsen af 1870’erne fandtes godt 20 pct. af den industrielle arbejdsstyrke i landområderne, særlig inden for tegl- og kalkværker.73 Industrien samlede sig dog udtalt i de gamle, kystnære købstæder, fordi der var tale om hjemmemarkedsindustri baseret på import af udenlandske råstoffer. Det var i disse byer, at en yderligere opdeling af byrummet efter funktionelle og sociale forhold først satte ind, men det hører i alt væsentligt en senere tid til.74
Summary
Characterization and Historiography of the Early Modern Danish Market Towns
By Søren Bitsch Christensen, PhD, Associate Professor, Director of the Danish Centre for Urban History
The main trend of Danish urban history in the Early Modern period was one of weak or stagnated urbanization within an evolving primate city system centred on the capital of Copenhagen. The primacy is measured by, among other things, the payment of town taxes. From 1596 to 1621 Copenhagen paid almost the same amount of tax as all the other towns in Zealand put together. By the middle of the 18th century, however, the city paid five times more and in 1864 ten times more. Within all regions the economic strength of towns could change, but the relative distribution between regions was generally stable.
From the beginning of Absolute Monarchy in 1660 until the very earliest stages of industrialization, around 1840, the urbanization ratio was approximately twenty per cent. The urban population began to grow at a faster rate, though, from the last decades of the 18th century, and from around 1800 even faster than the rural population. Hence, the urban standstill ended. The article discusses reasons for this development, and it is noted that at various points Denmark contrasted the general European and even Nordic trends. Only a few new towns were actually founded, and apart from a handful of minor coastal towns in Northern Jutland a geographical expansion of the urban system did not occur. The new towns that began to develop were primarily for the purpose of fulfilling the new centrality functions of state administration or defence. In general, market conditions did not favour new towns since the prevailing economy of the typical market town was based on the sale of agricultural products to Copenhagen and Norway. The technological level was more or less unchanged and proto industry was very sparse. The early phase of renewed urban growth in the late 18th century was to some extent tied to expanding maritime centres and it was only from around 1800 that growth began to take place, due to classical service centre functions which were the result of increasing exports of grain to Northern Europe. The state did not formulate an urban policy to support this development, but the towns were – rightly – believed to prosper from agricultural reforms after 1780. However, important reforms of the harbour and road infrastructure were launched in the 1790s.
New research has shed light on these trends, but many aspects have still not been researched thoroughly enough. Research into urban segregation has, however, been more impressive. A number of results support Gideon Sjoberg’s classical vision of the Early Modern city. With regard to another main theme – urban cultural and political studies – a few, but important, results are discussed. It seems that cultural and political urbanism both went along with and fought the dominating influence of Absolutism. Politically, administratively, and culturally, urban autonomy suffered some serious setbacks. Examples are given: town musicians, for instance, became royal servants and the old voluntary civic guards were replaced in 1801 by a new state military system. Clubs and societies were, likewise, of a patriotic nature. On the other hand, literary preferences were individualistic and rationalistic, and the craft guilds and their old culture were never really defeated. Eventually, from 1857-1862, the market-town system was dramatically changed as trade and craft activities were liberalized and the guilds abolished. In 1837, part of their former self-rule was given back to the towns, and these forces – combined with the growth of industrialization – marked the end of the classical market-town system.
NOTER
1 Vilhelm Lorenzen: Vore Byer. Studier i Bybygning fra Middelalderens Slutning til Industrialismens Gennembrud 1536-1870, bd. 1-5, 1947-1958.
2 Mest udtalt i Hugo Matthiessen: Den gamle Købstad, 1926.
3 Hugo Matthiessen: Torv og Hærstræde, 1922, s. 82-99.
4 Janne Damgaard Sørensen: “Bybefæstninger i det middelalderlige Danmark”, 2003.
5 Hans Chr. Johansen m.fl.: “Den danske garnisonsby”, 1997, s. 23f.
6 Ida Kolte: Byporte under enevælden, 2002.
7 Thomas Bloch Ravn: “Brødremenigheden – en civilisationsagent i det sønderjyske”, 1984.
8 Martin Zerlang: Bylivets kunst, 2002, s. 11-16.
9 Hohenberg & Lees: The Making of Urban Europe 1000-1994, 1995, s. 84f.
10 Jan de Vries: European Urbanization 1500-1800, 1981, s. 88.
11 P. Munch: Købstadstyrelsen i Danmark, bd. I, 1900, s. 60. Henrik Becker-Christensen: “De danske købstæders økonomiske udvikling og regeringens erhvervspolitik 1660-1750”, 1979, s. 41-45.
12 Ole Degn: “Byer, byhierarkier og byudvikling i Danmark 1550-1700”, 1989. Samme forfatter: “Danmark. De nyanlagte byer og byudviklingen i Danmark 1660-1800”, 1977.
13 Per Boje og Ole Hyldtoft: “Økonomiske, geografiske og demografiske aspekter”, 1977, s. 182f.
14 Sven Lilja: Tjuvehål och stolta städer, 2000, s. 354, angiver nogle vækstrater for Danmark 1550-1700, der ligger noget over de af mig antydede. Da hans interpolationsgrundlag må være de først kendte data 1672, må jeg dog vurdere væksten som anslået for højt, idet disse er indhentet midt under den absolut værste bykrise i tidligt moderne tid.
15 Jan de Vries: European Urbanization 1500-1800, 1981, s. 11-13.
16 Heinz Schilling: Die Stadt in der frühen Neuzeit, 1993, s. 20f og 38f.
17 Hohenberg & Lees: The Making of Urban Europe 1000-1994, 1995, s. 101.
18 Ibid.
19 Sven Lilja: Tjuvehål och stolta städer, 2000, s. 359-361, med ref. til Finn-Einar Eliassen: “The urbanization of the periphery,” 1994. Samme forfatter: “The Geography of Urbanization – Sweden and Finland, c. 1570-1770”, 1994.
20 Finn-Einar Eliassen: Norsk småbyføydalisme?, 1999, s. 311-348.
21 Fureby Sogn: http://www.ledetgaard.dk/ledet/overgaard.htm.
22 Finn-Einar Eliassen: “Om Norge, Nibe og utkantens urbanisering”, 1995.
23 J. Thulstrup Christensen: Løgstørs Ældre Historie, 1999 (1941).
24 Ole Degn: “Byer, byhierarkier og byudvikling i Danmark 1550-1700”, 1989.
25 Thomas Riis: “Towns and Central Government in Northern Europe”, 1981, s. 35, anfører, at Norge, Slesvig og Holsten var polycentriske og kongeriget monocentrisk, mens det i virkeligheden vel var et og samme bysystem.
26 Sven Lilja: “Urbaniseringens dynamik och funktioner”, 2002.
27 RA, Martfelts papirer. Forholdet mellem København og provinsen kan ikke helt beregnes ud fra konsumtionen, for hovedstaden betalte lidt mere for kød, kvæg mv. Det skal bemærkes, at konsumtionstallene også medtager folke- og familieskatten, dvs. befolkningsgrundlaget