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Handbook of Clinical Gender Medicine


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exists that promotes research for other key groups such as LGBT populations or that requires sex and gender to be considered in the composition of ethic committees or in the review of research proposals. This oversight points to a potential root cause for certain health disparities that undoubtedly have health and healthcare system equity implications.

      Healthcare Utilization

      Lesbians are also less likely to have health insurance, to see a healthcare practitioner, or to have a consistent source of care [1, 7, 8]. This population is believed to underutilize health systems and delay health seeking [1, 7, 8]. In contrast, gay men living with a partner are as likely as a male living with a female partner to have a consistent source of care and to have significantly elevated chances of having seen a clinician within the last year [1, 7].

      Transgender, bisexual, and intersex people are less likely to utilize the healthcare system than is the population as a whole [7, 8], while research demonstrates that trans-gender people are less likely to be insured than the general population. The underutilization of the healthcare system by bisexuals and intersex people is reported as being due to their perception that healthcare professionals lack the requisite knowledge to support their unique needs [7, 8].

      The Morbidity and Mortality Paradox

      Although the medical literature overwhelmingly points to a gender difference, there has been some questioning of the existence and the extent of any gender difference in morbidity. It has