on the evolution of the young person should be given to the pediatrician.
The Right Moment of the Transfer?
We believe that age, often an administrative criterion, is not the best and only factor to decide upon transition of care [19]. The right moment is dependent upon the maturity of the young person. Usually it will be when growth and puberty are achieved, and also when a school cycle terminates, e.g. at the end of secondary school. Often this is around 18 or 19 years of age, as was found in a survey of young patients affected by endocrine conditions and also in the case of growth hormone-deficient children [19, 20] (Table 1).
Table 1. Factors either facilitating or limiting the chances of a successful transition
| Facilitating factors | Limiting factors |
| Linked with the transition process | |
| Meeting with the team of adult medicine, before and during the process of transitionEarly information/discussion about the path to transition before transfer (names of the members of the adult medicine team, practical information on the modalities of the transfer…) during outpatient clinics and with written documents (flyers…)Identification of the specialist for adults the adolescent is referred toLogistic help to organize transfer and then follow-up in the adult medicine department (transition coordinator, dedicated number to take appointments)The young person should play an active role in the processTherapeutic education sessions (exchanges of experience with peers) | Absence of preparation or late (just before transfer) preparation in the pediatric departmentNo identification of a referring physician in the department for adult medicineDifficulties to take appointments and to contact the department for adult medicineToo early transfer |
| Linked with the pediatric department and the department for adults | |
| Formalization of the transition path between the two departmentsSpaces dedicated to the transition phase:“La suite” at Necker University Hospital1 Transcend project at Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital2 | Lack of communication between the two departmentsImportant differences in the treatment protocols between the pediatrician and the physician for adult persons |
| Linked with patient history | |
| Psychosocial challenges and daily life constraints (working hours, family…) in competition with the good care of the chronic conditionDifficulties with health insuranceNonoptimal follow-up in pediatricsPoor socioeconomic background | |
| Adapted from Garvey et al. [24]. 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RR7uLSo3r4M. 2 http://pitiesalpetriere.aphp.fr/transend/. | |
Transition should not be associated with a feeling of punishment by the young person with a chronic condition, but in contrast be felt as a step towards autonomy and adult life. This is why therapeutic education should also be part of the transition plan. Programs have been designed, independently of the underlying endocrine conditions, to target common themes in relation to transition [21]. One program currently used in the department of endocrinology for adults at the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital is based on a triple approach: the first is based on the description of the medical history using paper boards with multiple images reinforcing the ability of the young adult in describing his own story; the second approach helps the patient to find his own landmarks in the new hospital or the new department of medicine; finally a singular and particular approach has been developed to build a program for the near future and to conciliate both desires and wishes on the one hand and the consequences of the chronic disease on the other. One limiting factor concerning such a project is the current absence of a complete long-term evaluation of its impact on health status.
Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the constellation of factors influencing the success of transition.
Conclusions for a Successful Transition
The process of transition should start in the pediatric setting (Fig. 1), when the patient is around 11–12 years old, and should involve sessions both with the child alone and together with the parents. It is suggested that one way to determine the understanding of the patients was to get them to explain their condition to their relatives. It may also be useful to provide mentors for the patients, who are older patients with the same condition and who can provide explanations from a different perspective. While it should be a partnership with patients, the children need to establish self-management. However, the transition team must be able to identify children who are at risk of life-threatening conditions, such as adrenal insufficiency or ketoacidosis, as young patients do not necessarily feel ill and may not recognize risks involved in not managing the condition correctly.
Few studies have associated a well-planned transition process with a better quality of life and a better controlled disease. One of those, which used 21-hydroxylase deficiency to confirm this, is widely described in a dedicated paper by Bachelot et al. [22].
Beyond this, a relationship based on confidence should be established between the pediatrician and the physician for adults, in order for that relationship, based on trust, to be the basis for the transfer of the adolescent from the pediatric system of care to the adult one. A recent report by an expert group of health care professionals concluded that there remains much to be done to ensure that the needs of adolescent patients with chronic endocrine conditions continue to be met during transition [23].
References
1Busse FP, Hiermann P, Galler A, Stumvoll M, Wiessner T, Kiess W, et al: Evaluation of patients’ opinion and metabolic control after transfer of young adults with type 1 diabetes from a paediatric diabetes clinic to adult care. Horm Res Paediatr 2007;67:132–138.
2Kipps S, Bahu T, Ong K, Ackland FM, Brown RS, Fox CT, et al: Current methods of transfer of young people with type 1 diabetes to adult services. Diabet Med 2002;19:649–654.
3Lotstein DS, McPherson M, Strickland B, Newacheck PW: Transition planning for youth with special health care needs: results from the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs. Pediatrics 2005;115:1562–1568.
4Moons P, Hilderson D, Van Deyk K: Congenital cardiovascular nursing: preparing for the next decade. Cardiol Young 2009;19(suppl 2):106–111.
5Nakhla M, Daneman D, To T, Paradis G, Guttmann A: Transition to adult care for youths with diabetes mellitus: findings from a universal health care system. Pediatrics 2009;124:e1134–1141.
6Reid GJ, Irvine MJ, McCrindle BW, Sananes R, Ritvo PG, Siu SC, et al: Prevalence and correlates of successful transfer from pediatric to adult health care among a cohort of young adults with complex