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Diabetic Retinopathy and Cardiovascular Disease
Frontiers in Diabetes
Vol. 27
Series Editor
Massimo Porta Turin
Diabetic Retinopathy and Cardiovascular Disease
Volume Editors
Charumathi Sabanayagam Singapore
Tien Y. Wong Singapore
19 figures, 14 in color, and 19 tables, 2019
Frontiers in Diabetes
Founded 1981 by F. Belfiore, Catania
| _______________________ Charumathi SabanayagamSingapore Eye Research InstituteDuke-NUS Medical SchoolSingapore | _______________________Tien Y. WongSingapore National Eye CentreDuke-NUS Medical SchoolSingapore |
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Sabanayagam, Charumathi, editor. | Wong, Tien Yin, editor.
Title: Diabetic retinopathy and cardiovascular disease / volume editors, Charumathi Sabanayagam, Tien Y. Wong.
Description: Basel ; New York : Karger, 2019. | Series: Frontiers in diabetes, ISSN 0251-5342 ; vol. 27 | Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019012527 (print) | LCCN 2019013582 (ebook) | ISBN 9783318065077 (eBook) | ISBN 9783318065060 (hard cover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9783318065077 (e-ISBN)
Subjects: | MESH: Diabetic Retinopathy--complications | Cardiovascular Diseases--complications | Disease Susceptibility | Risk Assessment--methods
Classification: LCC RE661.D5 (ebook) | LCC RE661.D5 (print) | NLM WK 835 | DDC 617.7/35--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019012527
Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services.
Disclaimer. The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
© Copyright 2019 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH–4009 Basel (Switzerland)
Printed on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706)
ISSN 0251–5342
e-ISSN 1662–2995
ISBN 978–3–318–06506–0
e-ISBN 978–3–318–06507–7
Contents
Sabanayagam, C.; Wong T.Y. (Singapore)
Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Diabetes Mellitus
Hare, M.J.L.; Shaw , J.E. (Melbourne, VIC)
Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy
Jonas, J.B. (Mannheim); Sabanayagam, C. (Singapore)
Diabetic Retinopathy and Stroke
Lai, J.; Wong, V.; Liew, G. (Sydney, NSW)
Diabetic Retinopathy and Heart Disease
Quek Qiao Yun, D.; Cheung, N. (Singapore)
Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetic Retinopathy
Kiew, S.Y.; Sabanayagam, C. (Singapore)
Diabetic Retinopathy and Mortality
Grauslund, J. (Odense)
Retinal Vascular Changes in Diabetes and Dementia
Chan, V.T.T.; Wong, P.P.Y.; Cheung, C.Y. (Hong Kong)
Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Chatziralli, I.P. (Athens); Sivaprasad, S. (London)
Novel Retinal Imaging in Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Systemic Vascular Diseases
Ting, D.S.W. (Singapore); Peng, L.; Varadarajan, A.V. (Mountain View, CA); Liu, T.Y.A. (Baltimore, MD)
Reducing Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes: Insights from Diabetes Trials
Lee, P.T.; Chin, C.W.L. (Singapore)
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy (DR), which is a common microvascular complication of diabetes, is a leading cause of blindness in working-age adults. Beyond the eye, retinopathy changes in diabetic patients have been shown to carry an increased risk for cardiovascular events including coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, all-cause and CVD mortality. In addition to clinical CVD, DR has also been shown to be associated with subclinical measures of atherosclerosis. Independent of diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major risk factor for CVD and death due to CVD accounts for up to 50% of all deaths in patients with moderate and severe CKD. DR is a well-known risk factor for CKD. DR shares many risk factors, genetic and pathogenic pathways