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Digital Cities Roadmap


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is of fundamental importance for both internet access and new digital services, an important starting point for smart cities is the introduction of public Wi-Fi.

      Another point of significant concern that has contributed to the advent of sustainable smart cities is the energy crisis brought about by the global demand for limited natural resources, which are declining as demand grows. These natural resources are used by the industrial, transport, commercial, and residential sectors. Those living in residential areas use energy mostly for space heating, followed by electronics, lighting and other appliances, water heating, air conditioning, and cooling. Because the global residential sector consumes a significant amount of energy, which is equivalent to one-third of all available primary energy resources, it is necessary to reduce energy consumption by using sustainable buildings. A good management strategy must be expected to mitigate the dangerous consequences of rapid urbanization in modern society, the economy and the environment. Since sustainable smart cities include established structures, infrastructures, communities, institutions, and individuals, the proposed solution should be the result of real interdisciplinary discussions in a multicultural environment that encourages communication and has a real chance of succeeding.

      Chapter 3, “Sustainable Infrastructure Theories and Models,” introduces the concepts of data fusion and data fusion approaches with respect to sustainable infrastructure. This work computes and explains various data fusion tools, techniques, and important methods of decentralized and distributed detection. Several smart city infrastructure approaches are highlighted along with the smart city components architecture. Chapter 4, “Blockchain for Sustainable Smart Cities,” explains how a sustainable smart city is a key solution for the large-scale urbanization of rural areas. However, urbanization poses a number of challenges for governments and city planners, including increased traffic congestion, reduction in quality health service provision, burden on civic facilities, and data management among others. Blockchain is integrated into smart city applications to improve the standard of living of citizens and overall management of the smart city. With the advantage of blockchain, a smart city can provide efficient and reliable services to people. Chapter 5, “Contextualizing Electronic Governance, Smart City Governance and Sustainable Infrastructure in India: A Study and Framework,” surveys and shows the research gaps in various E-governance services developed and implemented in India that are being initiated to achieve the Digital India program launched by the government of India with the help of information and communication technology (ICT). Furthermore, the architectural framework for smart governance-based services for smart cities in India based on transforming electronic governance to governance in a smart city is proposed.

      Chapter 9, “Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in Green Buildings: A Prerequisite to Human Health and Well-Being,” examines why the IAQ inside buildings is one of the most important determining factors of human health as more than half of the air inhaled by a person during his/her lifetime is at home. Illnesses associated with environmental exposure often stem from indoor air exposure. Prominent air pollutants are found indoors, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), lead (Pb), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and asbestos. Smart and sustainable approaches to green building construction should incorporate IAQ as a critical component of building design as the air quality is directly related to the inhabitants’ sound well-being. Chapter 10, “An Era of Internet of Things Leads to Smart