Frederickson RM, Wang HS, Surh LC. Some caveats in PCR‐based prenatal diagnosis on direct amniotic fluid versus cultured amniocytes. Prenat Diagn 1999; 19:113.
620 620. Smith GW, Graham CA, Nevin J, et al. Detection of maternal cell contamination in amniotic fluid cell cultures using fluorescent labelled microsatellites. J Med Genet 1995; 32:61.
621 621. Claussen U, Schafer H, Trampisch HJ. Exclusion of chromosomal mosaicism in prenatal diagnosis. Hum Genet 1984; 67:23.
622 622. Sikkema‐Raddatz B, Castedo S, TeMeerman GJ. Probability tables for exclusion of mosaicism in prenatal diagnosis. Prenat Diagn 1997; 17:115.
623 623. American College of Medical Genetics. Standards and guidelines for clinical genetics laboratories, 2nd edn. Bethesda, MD: American College of Medical Genetics, 1999.
624 624. American College of Medical Genetics. Standards and guidelines for clinical genetics laboratories, 2008. https://www.acmg.net/ACMG/Medical-Genetics-Practice-Resources/Technical_Standards_and_Guidelines.aspx (accessed July 8, 2020).
625 625. Spurbeck JL, Zinsmeister AR, Meyer KJ, et al. Dynamics of chromosome spreading. Am J Med Genet 1996; 61:387.
626 626. Henegariu O, Heerema NA, Lowe Wright L, et al. Improvements in cytogenetic slide preparation: controlled chromosome spreading, chemical aging and gradual denaturing. Cytometry 2001; 43:101.
627 627. Spurbeck JL. The dynamics of chromosome spreading. Compact disk copyright 2013. Distributed by Association of Genetic Technologists (AGT), 2014.
628 628. Cheung SW, Spitznagel E, Featherstone T, et al. Exclusion of chromosomal mosaicism in amniotic fluid cultures: efficacy of in situ versus flask techniques. Prenat Diagn 1990; 10:41.
629 629. Featherstone T, Cheung SW, Spitznagel E, et al. Exclusion of chromosomal mosaicism in amniotic fluid cultures: determination of number of colonies needed for accurate analysis. Prenat Diagn 1994; 14:1009.
630 630. Cheng EY, Luthy DA, Dunne DF, et al. Is the 15‐in situ clone protocol necessary to detect amniotic fluid mosaicism? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173:1025.
631 631. Ing PS, van Dyke DL, Caudill SP, et al. Detection of mosaicism in amniotic fluid cultures: a CYTO2000 collaborative study. Genet Med 1999; 1:94.
632 632. American College of Medical Genetics. Standards and guidelines for clinical genetics laboratories. E4.1.3 amniotic fluid. Bethesda, MD: American College of Medical Genetics, 2006.
633 633. Miron PM. Preparation, culture, and analysis of amniotic fluid samples. Curr Protoc Hum Genet 2012: 8.4.
634 634. van Dyke DL, Roberson JR,Wiktor A. Prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis. In: McClatchey KD, ed. Clinical laboratory medicine, 2nd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002:636.
635 635. Spurbeck JL, Carlson RO, Allen JE, et al. Culturing and robotic harvesting of bone marrow, lymph nodes, peripheral blood, fibroblasts, and solid tumors with in situ techniques. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1988; 32:59.
636 636. Carlan SJ, Papenhausen P, O'Brien WF, et al. Effect of maternal–fetal movement on concentration of cells obtained at genetic amniocentesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163:490.
637 637. Fischer RL, LaMotta J, McMorrow LE, et al. Effect of pre‐amniocentesis uterine manipulation on amniocyte concentration and culture duration: a randomized, clinical trial. Prenat Diagn 1996; 16:673.
638 638. Melnyk JH, Persinger G, Teplitz RLA. A micromethod for processing amniotic fluid cells. In Vitro 1979; 15:200.
639 639. Byrne DL, Marks K, Braude PR, et al. Amniofiltration in the first trimester: feasibility, technical aspects and cytological outcome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1991; 1:320.
640 640. Sundberg K, Smidt‐Jensen S, Lundsteen C, et al. Filtration and recirculation of early amniotic fluid. Evaluation of cell cultures from 100 diagnostic cases. Prenat Diagn 1993; 13:1101.
641 641. Sundberg K, Bang J, Brocks V, et al. Early sonographically guided amniocenteses with filtration technique: follow‐up on 249 procedures. J Ultrasound Med 1995; 14:585.
642 642. Sundberg K, Lundsteen C, Philip J. Early filtration amniocentesis for further investigation of mosaicism diagnosed by chorionic villus sampling. Prenat Diagn 1996; 16:1121.
643 643. Kunsela P, Seppala MB, Brock DJH, et al. Amniotic fluid fibronectin in normal pregnancy and in pregnancies with anencephalic fetus. Biomedicine 1978; 29:296.
644 644. Vlodavsky I, Voss R, Yarkoni S, et al. Stimulation of human amniotic fluid cell proliferation and colony formation by cell plating on a naturally produced extracellular matrix. Prenat Diagn 1982; 2:13.
645 645. Crickard K, Golbus MS. Influence of extracellular matrix on the proliferation of human amniotic fluid cells in vitro. Prenat Diagn 1982; 2:89.
646 646. Brackertz M, Kubbies M, Feige A, et al. Decreased oxygen supply enhances growth in culture of human midtrimester amniotic fluid cells. Hum Genet 1983; 64:334.
647 647. Held KR, Sönnichsen S. The effect of oxygen tension on colony formation and cell proliferation of amniotic fluid cells in vitro. Prenat Diagn 1984; 4:171.
648 648. Barnes D, Sato G. Serum‐free cell culture: a unifying approach. Cell 1980; 22:649.
649 649. Gospodarowicz D, Moran JS, Owashi ND. Effects of fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor on the rate of growth of amniotic fluid‐derived cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1977; 44:651.
650 650. Porreco RP, Bradshaw C, Sarkar S, et al. Enhanced growth of amniotic fluid cells in presence of fibroblast growth factor. Obstet Gynecol 1980; 55:55.
651 651. Art to Science. Freezing and thawing serum and other biological materials: optimal procedures minimize damage and maximize shelf‐life. HyClone Laboratories, Inc, 1992; 11:1.
652 652. Chang HC, Jones OW. A new growth medium for human amniotic fluid cells. Karyogram 1981; 7:54.
653 653. Chang HC, Jones OW, Masui H. Human amniotic fluid cells grown in a hormone‐supplemented medium: suitability for prenatal diagnosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:4795.
654 654. Biddle WC, Kuligowski S, Lockwood DH, et al. AmnioMAXTM‐C100: a new specialized cell culture medium for the propagation of human amniocytes. Focus 1992; 14:80.
655 655. Claussen U. The pipette method: a new rapid technique for chromosome analysis in prenatal diagnosis. Hum Genet 1980; 54:277.
656 656. Salk D, Disteche C, Stenchever MR, et al. Routine use of Chang medium for prenatal diagnosis: improved growth and increased chromosomal breakage. Am J Hum Genet 1983; 35:151A.
657 657. Masia A, Jenkins EC, Duncan C. Chromosomal abnormalities in cultures with Chang medium. Am J Hum Genet 1986; 39:260.
658 658. Krawczun MS, Jenkins EC, Masia A, et al. Chromosomal abnormalities in amniotic fluid cell cultures: a comparison of apparent pseudomosaicism in Chang and RPMI‐1640 media. Clin Genet 1989; 35:139.
659 659. Eiben B, Goebel R, Hansen S, et al. Early amniocentesis – a cytogenetic evaluation of over 1500 cases. Prenat Diagn 1994; 14:497.
660 660. Assel BG, Lewis SM, Dickerman LH, et al. Single operator comparison of early and mid‐second‐trimester amniocentesis. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 79:940.
661 661. Corning guide for identifying and correcting common cell growth problems. http://www.bioprocessonline.com/doc/identifying‐correcting‐cell‐growthproblems‐0001 (accessed May 19, 2015).
662 662. Persutte WH, Lenke RR. Failure of amniotic‐fluid cell growth: is it related to fetal aneuploidy? Lancet 1995; 345:96.
663 663. Elejalde BR, de Elejalde MM, Soto A. Amniotic‐fluid cell growth and fetal aneuploidy. Lancet 1995; 345:924.
664 664. Lam YH, Tang MH, Sin SY, et al. Clinical significance of amniotic‐fluid‐cell culture failure. Prenat Diagn 1998; 18:343.
665 665. American College of Medical Genetics Standards and Guidelines for Clinical Genetics Laboratories. https://www.acmg.net/ACMG/Medical-Genetics-Practice-Resources/Technical_Standards_and_Guidelines.aspx