J 2008; 178:593.
380 380. Tan HL, Hofman N, van Langen IM, et al. Sudden unexplained death. Heritability and diagnostic yield of cardiological and genetic examination in surviving relatives. Circulation 2005; 112:207.
381 381. Offit K, Groeger E, Turner S, et al. The “duty to warn” a patient's family members about hereditary disease risks. JAMA 2004; 292:1469.
382 382. Marta MR. Genetic testing: do healthcare professionals have a duty to tell a patient's family members that they may be at risk. J Healthc Risk Manag 1999; 19:26.
383 383. Elger BS, Michaud K, Fellmann F, et al. Sudden death: ethical and legal problems of post‐mortem forensic genetic testing for hereditary cardiac diseases. Clin Genet 2010; 77:287.
384 384. Pate v. Threlkel, 661 So. 2d 278, 282 (Fla. 1995).
385 385. Safer v. Estate of Pack, 677 A.2d 1188, 1192‐1193. (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div.), cert. denied, 683 A.2d 1163 (N.J. 1996).
386 386. Rothstein MA. Reconsidering the duty to warn genetically at‐risk relatives. Genet Med 2018; 20:285.
387 387. N.J. State. Ann § 10:5‐47 (2001).
388 388. Wolf SM, Crock BN, Van Ness B, et al. Managing incidental findings and research reslts in genomic research involving biobanks and archived data sets. Genet Med 2012; 14:361.
389 389. Molloy v. Meier, 679 N.W.2d 711 (Minn. 2004).
390 390. ABC V. St. George's Healthcare NHS Trust [2015] EWHC 1394
391 391. ABC V. St. George's Healthcare NHS Trust [2015] EWCA 336. (QB).
392 392. Lucassen A, Gilbar R. Disclosure of genetic information to relatives: Balancing confidentiality and relatives' interests. J Med Genet 2018; 55:285.
393 393. Royal College of Physicians, Royal College of Pathologists and British Society for Human Genetics. Contest and confidentiality in clinical genetic practice: guidance on genetic testing and sharing genetic information. Report of the Joint Committee on Medical Genetics, 2nd edn. London: Royal College of Physicians/Royal College of Pathologists, 2011.
394 394. General Medical Council. Confidentiality: good practice in handling patient information. London: General Medical Council, 2017, revised in May 2018.
395 395. Middleton A, Milne R, Robarts L, et al. Should doctors have a legal duty to warn relatives of their genetic risks? Lancet 2019; 394:2133.
396 396. Wouters RHP, Bijlsma RM, Ausems MGEM, et al. Am I my family's keeper? Disclosure dilemmas in next‐generation sequencing. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:1257.
397 397. Gilbar R, Foster C. Doctors' liability to the patient's relatives in genetic medicine: ABC v. St. George's Healthcare NHS trust [2015] EWHC 1394 (QB). Med Law Rev 2016; 24:112.
398 398. Suter S. Legal challenges in genetics, including duty to warn and genetic discrimination. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:a036665.
399 399. Meggiolaro N, Barlow‐Stewart K, Dunlop K, et al. Disclosure to genetic relatives without consent – Australian genetic professionals' awareness of the health privacy law. BMC Med Ethics 2020; 21:13.
400 400. Perry TJ, Patton SI, Farmer MB, et al. The duty to warn at‐risk relatives‐ The experience of genetic counselors and medical geneticists. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:314.
401 401. Heyes T, Long S, Mathers N. Preconception care: practice and beliefs of primary care workers. Fam Pract 2004; 21:22.
402 402. Czeizel AE, Gasztonyi Z, Kuliev A. Periconceptional clinics: a medical health care infrastructure of new genetics. Fetal Diagn Ther 2005; 20:515.
403 403. Solomon BD, Jack BW, Feero WG. The clinical content of preconception care: genetics and genomics. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199(6 Suppl 2):S340.
404 404. Enzensberger C, Pulvermacher C, Degenhardt J, et al. Fetal loss rate and associated risk factors after amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling and fetal blood sampling. Ultraschall Med 2012; 33:e75.
405 405. Akolekar R, Beta J, Picciarelli, et al. Procedure‐related risk of miscarriage following amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015; 45(1):16.
406 406. Hollier LM, Leveno KJ, Kelly MA, et al. Maternal age and malformations in singleton births. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 96:701.
407 407. Frederiksen LE, Ernst A, Brix N, et al. Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes at advanced maternal age. Obstet Gynecol 2018; 131:457.
408 408. Yatsenko AN, Turek PJ. Reproductive genetics and the aging male. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018; 35:933.
409 409. Brandt JS, Cruz Ithier MA, Rosen T, et al. Advanced paternal age, infertility, and reproductive risks: a review of the literature. Prenat Diagn 2019; 39:81.
410 410. Bray I, Gunnell D, Davey Smith G. Advanced paternal age: how old is too old?. J Epidemiol Community Health 2006; 60;851.
411 411. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJ, et al. Births: final data for 2015. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2017; 66:1.
412 412. Ford WC, North K, Taylor H, et al. Increasing paternal age is associated with delayed conception in a large population of fertile couples: evidence for declining fecundity in older men. The ALSPAC study team (Avon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood). Hum Reprod 2000; 15(8):1703.
413 413. Hassan MA, Killick SR. Effect of male age on fertility: evidence for the decline in male fertility with increasing age. Fertil Steril 2003; 79(Suppl 3):1520.
414 414. Belloc S, Cohen‐Bacrie P, Benkhalifa M, et al. Effect of maternal and paternal age on pregnancy and miscarriage rates after intrauterine insemination. Reprod Biomed Online 2008; 17(3):392.
415 415. Slama R, Bouyer J, Windham G, et al. Influence of paternal age on the risk of spontaneous abortion. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 161(9):816.
416 416. Orioli IM, Castilla EE, Scarano G, et al. Effect of paternal age in achondroplasia, thanatophoric dysplasia, and osteogenesis imperfecta. Am J Med Genet 1995; 59(2):209.
417 417. Risch N, Reich EW, Wishnick MM, et al. Spontaneous mutation and parental age in humans. Am J Hum Genet 1987; 41(2):218.
418 418. Crow JF. The high spontaneous mutation rate: is it a health risk? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94(16):8380.
419 419. Glaser RL, Jabs EW. Dear old dad. Sci Aging Knowledge Environ 2004;3:re1.
420 420. Friedman JM. Genetic disease in the offspring of older fathers. Obstet Gynecol 1981; 57(6):745.
421 421. Taylor JL, Debost JPG, Morton SU, et al. Parental‐age‐related de novo mutations and risk for five disorders. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3043.
422 422. Toriello HV, Meck JM. Statement on guidance for genetic counseling in advanced paternal age. Genet Med 2008; 10(6):457.
423 423. Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine;Practice Committee of Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. Recommendations for gamete and embryo donation: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2013; 99(1):47.
424 424. Malaspina D, Harlap S, Fennig S, et al. Advancing paternal age and the risk of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58(4):361.
425 425. D'Onofrio BM, Rickert ME, Frans E, et al. Paternal age at childbearing and offspring psychiatric and academic morbidity. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71(4):432.
426 426. Nybo Andersen AM, Hansen KD, Andersen PK, Davey SG. Advanced paternal age and risk of fetal death: a cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160(12):1214.
427 427. Steiner B, Masood R, Rufibach K, et al. An unexpected finding: younger fathers have a higher risk of offspring with chromosomal aneuploidies. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 23(4):466.
428 428. Jennings MO, Owen RC, Keefe D, et al. Management and counseling of the male with advanced paternal age. Fertil Steril 2017; 107:324.
429 429. Cnossen MH, Smit FJ, deGoede‐Bolder A, et al. Diagnostic delay in neurofibromatosis type 1. Eur J Pediatr 1997; 156:482.
430 430. Bruechle NO, Steuernagel P,