18 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Water 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Sources of Water 18.3 Water Quality 18.4 Factors Affecting the Quality of Surface Water 18.5 Quantitative Analysis of the Organic Content of the Wastewater 18.6 Treatment of Wastewater 18.7 Instrumental Analysis of Wastewater Parameters 18.8 Methods for Qualitative Determination of Water 18.9 Conclusion References
23 19 Nanofluids for Water Treatment 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Types of Nanofluids Used in the Treatment of Water 19.3 Conclusion and Recommendation to Knowledge References
24 Index
Guide
1 Cover
5 Preface: Applied Water Science I-Fundamentals and Applications
7 Index
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 The chemical structures of PAEs. Adapted from [1]. PAEs, phthalic aci...Figure 1.2 DEHP biodegradation pathways to obtain MEHP, DBP, and DEP. Reprinted ...Figure 1.3 Schematic representation of the SiO2-PDMS-MWNTs fiber preparation. Re...Figure 1.4 Extraction yields with different fibers (MI-SPME, PDMS, CW/DVB, and P...Figure 1.5 Scheme of a similar extraction procedure carried out by Chen et al. [...Figure 1.6 Scanning electron microscope image (A) and transmission electron micr...Figure 1.7 Schematic illustration of the preparation strategy for m-NPs and the ...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Summary depiction of the nature, sources, behaviour, human exposure a...Figure 2.2 Human exposure pathways to pharmaceuticals in the environment.
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Basic principle involved in the membrane technology [Permission taken...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 The marine microplastics sampling system.Figure 4.2 The microplastics and no-polymer debris under an optical microscope; ...Figure 4.3 The ubiquitous on the beach debris of microplastics—in the Mediterran...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 The pathway for the formation of inorganic chloramines during chloram...Figure 5.2 Colorimetric methods and reagents for determination of chlorine and c...Figure 5.3 Scheme of the device for TCA measurements with the extraction-based A...Figure 5.4 The chemical probes used for precolumn derivatization of inorganic an...Figure 5.5 Descriptive scheme of the multi-syringe chromatography manifold for t...Figure 5.6 Illustration for the MIMS process.Figure 5.7 Pathways for the reaction of aldehydes and inorganic MCA, adapted fro...Figure 5.8 Pathway for the generation of N-chloraldimine from N-chloroamino acid...Figure 5.9 Fluorescence determination of the organic chloramine (TCCA).
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Classification of clay minerals.Figure 6.2 Chemical structure of kaolinite clay [16] adapted with permission fro...Figure 6.3 The formation process of chitosan/organic rectorite-Fe3O4 microsphere...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Effect of pyrolysis temperature on biochar structure.Figure 7.2 X-ray diffractogram of (a) wood and (b) grass biochars generated at t...Figure 7.3 Thermochemical conversion technologies for biomass.Figure 7.4 SEM images of Douglas fir wood (a), Douglas fir bark (b), and hybrid ...Figure 7.5 Different functional groups present on the surface of biochar prepari...Figure 7.6 FTIR-ATR spectra of biomasses and their respective biochars produced ...Figure 7.7 van Krevelen diagram of different biochars produced from a wide range...Figure 7.8 Novel magnetic biochar material derived from waste banana pseudo stem...Figure 7.9 Structural characteristics of biochar-graphene nanosheet composites a...Figure 7.10 SEM images of BC (A), MgFe2O4 (B), MgFe2O4-BC (C), BM-La(b) (D), MgF...Figure 7.11 Photocatalytic mechanism scheme and charge transfer of the biochar@ ...Figure 7.12 Sorption mechanisms for biochar-supported materials contaminants upt...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Metabolic pathways according to the availability and utilization of o...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Functioning of a biosensor [25].Figure 9.2 Representation of SPR sensor.
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Schematic diagram showing all the active species responsible for sca...Figure 10.2 Multifunctional activity of ROS-scavenging in Pt nanoparticles [8]. ...Figure 10.3 Correlation between time and the hydrogen content of three different...Figure 10.4 Diagram showing the comparable increase of TH-positive neurons at 0....Figure 10.5 Decrease in serum histamine for the mice were given hydrogen-rich wa...Figure 10.6 Changes in rat body weight after 30 Gy local head and neck radiation...Figure 10.7 Photographs and percentages showing the healing of mice palatal woun...Figure 10.8 A schematic diagram showing the setup of the hemodialysis system tha...Figure 10.9 A summary of the positive health effects of hydrogen-rich water [8].
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Enzymatic biosynthesis pathway of H2S in vital cell. 3-MST, 3-mercap...Figure 11.2 Nonenzymatic biosynthesis pathway of H2S in vital cell. Modified aft...Figure 11.3 The important roles of H2S to improve plant tolerance against variou...Figure 11.4 Some metabolic and signaling routes against salinity stress. ABA, ab...Figure 11.5 (a) Effect of NaHS treatment on the sprouting of wheat under normal ...Figure 11.6 H2S defense mechanism to ameliorate plant tolerance under various st...Figure 11.7 Summary of obtained results about the effects of NaHS treatment on t...Figure 11.8 Removal efficiency for 100 mg/L of various heavy metals by Phaneroch...Figure 11.9 Superoxide dismutase (a) and catalase (b) activity for NaHS treatmen...Figure 11.10 Comparison of NaHS and some salts (containing sodium and sulfide co...Figure 11.11 Arsenic removal efficiency by enargite leaching with NaHS-NaOH solu...Figure 11.12 Effect of NaHS level on copper precipitation efficiency at 20°C and...
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Natural radiation exposure [11].Figure 12.2 Significant radionuclides in water supply [18].
13 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Design of limestone