mercantile trade as well as cross-cultural exchanges in the period. With its broad subtitle, Literature and Culture in the Era of Expansion, 1500–1700, this present edition evokes a transnational perspective. It follows a similar – though more layered and complex – trajectory, marking a departure from the original edition: while still covering English economic expansion and cultural influence, it extends the scope of its investigation, moving beyond England to include intercultural and intracultural exchanges, transactions, and encounters involving major European states, the Islamic kingdoms of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires, territories in the Far East, sub-Saharan and North Africa, the Caribbean, and the Americas. This approach charts afresh a more complex discourse of the “global” via expanding networks of travel and traffic, with a further recognition of England’s struggles and rivalries with European nations such as Portugal, Spain, and The Netherlands as well with the aforementioned Islamic empires. England’s belatedness in relation to the Iberian powers is evident in the geographical reach of Richard Hakluyt’s monumental travel compilation, Principal Navigations, in which (in the second edition, 1598–1600) he nationalistically exhorts his countrymen to outpace their rivals: “nowe it is high time for us [England] to weigh our anker … to direct our course … [for the] Atlantic Ocean over which the Spaniards and Portuguese have made many voyages … [with] continuall and yerely trade in some one part of Africa or other for getting of slaves, for sugar, for Elephants’ teeth, grains, silver, gold, and other precious wares …” (Hakluyt 1598–1600, 5). What Hakluyt reveals here can be applied more broadly to the complex workings of the European global imaginary: mercantile trade and conquest, including the enslavement of peoples in the lands Europeans “discovered,” was divisively caught up in fierce commercial and political rivalries between the different powers, even while they often recognized their shared affinities as “white,” Christian nations. Thus, as a telling instance, early modern European slaving practices (also discussed in this second edition) were transnational and transcultural rather than a strictly national phenomenon (Gilroy, 15–17), implicating all the European powers in their economic systems and strained justifications.
Within these conceptual and historical coordinates, the contributions of the second edition map diverse perceptions of the world as global and interconnected from the perspectives and experiences of a wide range of figures. From the early sixteenth century onward, it became increasingly important for explorers, travelers, rulers, courtiers, ambassadors, ministers, missionaries (especially the Jesuits), merchants, mariners, slavers, writers, cartographers, artists, and some women as travelers not only to define themselves in terms of their own local identities but also to consider their experiences and achievements as part of an expanding global framework – often caught up within overlapping expansionist drives of disparate kingdoms and nations. Some sense of their perceptions can be glimpsed in selected unfolding sagas of individual and collective encounters, ranging from hostility to proximity and intimacy. These often occured in distinct settings – royal courts, seashores, ships, islands, markets, cities, trading posts (factories) – while taking a measure of language, gesture, dress, body markings, weapons, armor, or possessions in general. These interactions with “others” cover the gamut of fictional as well historical representations. Reflecting the mutually constitutive relationship between experiential and imaginary engagements within the conditions of global early modernity, these primary accounts of encounters and interactions include plays, poems, moral treatises, policy documents, ethnographic accounts, paintings, travel narratives (including slaving voyages), and religious dialogues, among others. In sum, when mediated through these accounts, the dominant, recurring trope of the encounter in Western travel narratives becomes multifarious and complex in our reappraisal of the global Renaissance.
Cross-cultural exchanges are marked by epistemological inclusivity as well as violence, understandings and misunderstandings across cultures, making visible the varied contingencies of human experience – of a constant reaching out to “worlds elsewhere,” both outwardly and inwardly. In her eloquent Afterword to this second edition, “Lyric Poetics for the Global Renaissance,” Ayesha Ramachandran calls for a “more substantive consideration of lyric poetry within the critical and methodological paradigm of the ‘Global Renaissance’ … to expand and deepen studies of both the lyric and the early modern experience of globality.” She calls for a mode of “lyric thinking,” to lead us to think afresh about the materiality of global drives, as she argues that “the unique conjunction of particular and universalizing modes of thinking in the lyric enable it to articulate a phenomenology of worldly experience. In this, the lyric performs the labor of inward abstraction, facilitating forms of thinking that explore what it means for individuals to inhabit a shifting, expanding world.” While some chapters in this second edition deal with epic poetry and poetic drama, and only Chapter 25 discusses lyric poems, the Afterword provides us with a retrospective nudge to reflect on the accounts of figures who appear in this volume via “a phenomenology of worldly experience ... [so] we might discern an alternate means of exploring and expressing the global.”
Within this context of my reflections on the experiential, and while gesturing toward “lyric thinking,” my aim in this volume is not to obfuscate the history of colonial ventures. Among the topics covered are forced expropriations of land, capitalist profit and exploitation of foreign labor by trading companies, and different forms of Western xenophobia, one effect of which was justifying English and European slaving practices. Overall, what is often evident is the convergence of racist ideologies with commercial imperatives underpinning Western globalization. In addition, what we can also observe is how economic networks reconfigured European systems of signification in producing racial and racist, often sexualized, typologies whereby non-European “others” were subordinated. In sum, my aim in this book (as well as the first edition) is not to paint a rosy picture of the Renaissance while emphasizing the trajectories of transnationalism and cosmopolitanism, as is the critique in recent scholarship (Loomba 2019, 1–3, 25). Rather, I think these chapters point to telling links between cross-cultural encounters and exchanges and emerging policies and ideas of the Western powers whose colonizing grasp was reaching out toward economic, religious, and cultural dominance. Furthermore, while recognizing the early modern period as an era of European expansion and emerging colonial ambitions, this edition eschews a singular ideological agenda that views colonialism as a hurtling juggernaut conquering the whole world. Rather, it calls for open spaces for a phenomenology of worldly experience while acknowledging the power of ruling elites and monarchs who guided the imperial destinies of their nations.
Perhaps most relevant to our own times, an important contribution of this edition of A Companion to the Global Renaissance is to show how globalizing perspectives on early modernity offer new venues for historically engaging with the legacies and genealogies of Western colonialism, racism, xenophobia, sexual orthodoxies, and anti-Islamic and anti-Semitic biases, among others. Thus, for instance a global early modernity can provide a useful lens for producing contemporary pedagogies of race, via comparative and contrapuntal frameworks, reading early modern texts at the intersections of postcolonial theory and critical race studies as well as from various historical contexts. In the past few years, numerous magnificent scholarly responses have addressed these pressing issues of difference, hierarchy, and especially of racism, as they engage with the historical and rhetorical coordinates of the global early modern (Erickson and Hall 2016; Heng 2018; Loomba 2007). The chapters of this edition, in varying forms and degrees, also address the genealogies and histories of present-day social, political, and racial struggles, but their range and variety ensures that cumulatively they do not totalize the past and present even while observing echoes and resemblances between the two historical periods.
Finally, I cannot help being reminded that we are living in the shadow of a worldwide pandemic and its attendant social upheavals and economic hardships. We are being forced to think of globality and globalism revealing connections across borders, yet the virus also knows no borders, as death spreads in waves. Our global awareness of our predicament brings to life for us the premodern and early modern plagues that are documented in so many visual and textual materials to which we have access. Our current crisis helps us to understand the Shakespearean world, with theaters being shut down, as people fled cities and towns and bodies piled up in