is common to use an elliptical silicon lens antenna to be integrated with a high frequency detector. The detector, which operates at 350 GHz, it is placed on silicon (εr = 11.9). In order to couple the radiation into the detector an antenna consisting of two slots is used.
1 Give the length and separation of the slots in order to generate a field radiated inside an infinite silicon medium that could be used to illuminate efficiently the lens.
2 Design the lens dimensions such that its far field is characterized by a directivity of 30 dBs.
3 What are the sidelobe level, directivity, and reflection efficiency of lens antenna?
4 Assuming we aimed at the same directivity of the lens antenna, how would the two slot antenna and lens dimensions change if the dielectric material was εr = 4? What about the reflection efficiency?
Justify your answers with figures and try to give a physical insight into the problem.
E2.3
For automotive radar applications at 70 GHz, we need to design an elliptical lens antenna with a directivity of 30 dB fed by a rectangular waveguide as shown in the figure. The waveguide can be modeled considering the field in the aperture is approximated by the TE10 mode.
1 Make a study of the optimal dimensions of the waveguide and the lens to reach the specifications for the following different lens materials: materials: silicon (εr = 11.9), quartz (εr = 4) and plastic (εr = 2)
2 How does the change physical dimensions with the lens dielectric material?
3 How does the critical angle change with the lens dielectric material? And the directivity inside the dielectric and the reflection efficiency of the optimized waveguide feed?
4 How does the radiated patterns by the several lens antenna compared to each other?
Justify your answers with figures and try to give a physical insight into the problem.
References
1 1 Gulkis, S., Allen, M., Backus, C. et al. (2007). Remote sensing of a comet at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths from an orbiting spacecraft. Planetary and Space Science 55 (9): 1050–1057.
2 2 Love, W. (1962). The diagonal horn antenna. Microwave Journal V: 117–122.
3 3 Johansson, J.F. and Whyborn, N.D. (1992). The diagonal horn as a sub‐millimeter wave antenna. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 40 (5): 795–800.
4 4 RPG Radiometer Physics GmbH https://radiometer‐physics.de
5 5 Day, P., Leduc, H., Goldin, A. et al. (2006). Antenna‐coupled microwave kinetic inductance detectors. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 559 (2): 561–563.
6 6 Sarmah, N., Grzyb, J., Statnikov, K. et al. (2016). A fully integrated 240‐GHz direct‐conversion quadrature transmitter and receiver chipset in SiGe technology. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 64 (2): 562–574.
7 7 Skalare, A., van de Stadt, H., de Graauw, Th. et al. (1992). Double‐dipole antenna SIS receivers at 100 and 400 Gilz. Proceedings of the 3rd Mt. Conference Space Terahertz Technology, Ann Arbor, MI, 222–233.
8 8 Semenov, A.D., Hubers, H.‐W., Richter, H. et al. (2003). Superconducting hot‐electron bolometer mixer for terahertz heterodyne receivers. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 13 (2): 168–171.
9 9 Kormanyos, B.K., Ostdiek, P.H., Bishop, W.L. et al. (1993). A planar wideband 80–200 GHz subharmonic receiver. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 41 (10): 1730–1737.
10 10 Garufo, A., Carluccio, G., Freeman, J.R. et al. (2018). Norton equivalent circuit for pulsed photoconductive antennas—part II: experimental validation. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 66 (4): 1646–1659.
11 11 Garufo, A., Llombart, N., and Neto, A. (2016). Radiation of logarithmic spiral antennas in the presence of dense dielectric lenses. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 64 (10): 4168–4177.
12 12 Chattopadhyay, G., Glenn, J., Bock, J.J. et al. (2003). Feed horn coupled bolometer arrays for SPIRE – design, simulations, and measurements. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 51 (10): 2139–2146.
13 13 Kangas, M.M., Ansmann, M., Horgan, B. et al. (2005). A 31 pixel flared 100‐GHz high‐gain scalar corrugated nonbonded platelet antenna array. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 4: 245–248.
14 14 Leech, J., Tan, B.K., Yassin, G. et al. (2011). Multiple flare‐angle horn feeds for sub‐mm astronomy and cosmic microwave background experiments. Astronomy and Astrophysics 532: A61.
15 15 Lubecke, V.M., Mizuno, K., and Rebeiz, G.M. (1998). Micromachining for terahertz applications. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 46 (11): 1821–1831.
16 16 Lee, C., Chattopadhyay, G., Decrossas, E. et al. (2015). Terahertz antenna arrays with silicon micromachined‐based microlens antenna and corrugated horns. International Workshop on Antenna Technology (iWAT), 70–73.
17 17 Chattopadhyay, G., Kuo, C.‐L., Day, P. et al. (2007). Planar antenna arrays for cmb polarization detection. Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 2007 and the 2007 15th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics. IRMMW‐THz. Joint 32nd International Conference on, 2007, 184–185.
18 18 Iacono, A., Freni, A., Neto, A., and Gerini, G. (2011). In‐line x‐slot element focal plane array of kinetic inductance detectors. Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on, 2011, 3316–3320.
19 19 Bueno, J., Murugesan, V., Karatsu, K. et al. (2018). Ultrasensitive kilo‐pixel imaging array of photon noise‐limited kinetic inductance detectors over an octave of bandwidth for THz astronomy. Low Temperature Physics 193: 96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909‐018‐1962‐8.
20 20 Lee, S.‐K., Kim, M.‐G., Jo, K.‐W. et al. (2008). A glass reflowed microlens array on a Si substrate with rectangular through‐holes. Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics 10 (4): 044003.
21 21 Zmuidzinas, J. and LeDuc, H.G. (1992). Quasi‐optical slot antenna SIS mixers. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 40: 1797–1804.
22 22 Filipovic, S., Gearhart, S., and Rebeiz, G.M. (1993). Double‐slot antennas on extended hemispherical and elliptical silicon dielectric lenses. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 41 (10): 1738–1749.
23 23 Neto, A., Bruni, S., Gerini, G., and Sabbadini, M. (2005). The leaky lens: a broad‐band fixed‐beam leaky‐wave antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 53 (10): 3240–3246.
24 24 Llombart, N., Dabironezare, S.O., Carluccio, G. et al. (2018). Reception power pattern of distributed absorbers in focal plane arrays: a fourier optics analysis. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 66 (11): 5990–6002.
25 25 Llombart, N., Chattopadhyay, G., Skalare, A., and Mehdi, I. (2011). Novel terahertz antenna based on a silicon lens fed by a leaky wave enhanced waveguide. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 59 (6): 2160–2168.
26 26 Alonso‐delPino, M., Reck, T., Jung‐Kubiak, C. et al. (2017). Development of silicon micromachined microlens antennas at 1.9 THz. IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology 7 (2): 191–198.
27 27 Rutledge, D.B., Neikirk, D.P., and Kasilingam,