Biofuel Cells Materials and Challenges Edited by Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula,
and
Mashallah Rezakazemi This edition first published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 9781119724698 Cover image: Russell Richardson Cover design by Russell Richardson Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines Printed in the USA 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface Rapid industrialization and urbanization associated with the environment changes call for reduced pollution and thereby least use of fossil fuels. Biofuel cells are bioenergy resources and biocompatible alternatives to conventional fuel cells. Biofuel cells are one of the new sustainable renewable energy sources that are based on the direct conversion of chemical matters to electricity with the aid of microorganisms or enzymes as biocatalysts. The gradual depletion of fossil fuels, increasing energy needs, and the pressing problem of environmental pollution have stimulated a wide range of research and development efforts for renewable and environmentally friendly energy. Energy generation from biomass resources by employing biofuel cells is crucial for sustainable development. Biofuel cells have attracted considerable attention as micro- or even nano-power sources for implantable biomedical devices, such as cardiac pacemakers, implantable self-powered sensors, and biosensors for monitoring physiological parameters. This book covers the most recent developments and offers a detailed overview of fundamentals, principles, mechanisms, properties, optimizing parameters, analytical characterization tools, various types of biofuel cells, all-category of materials, catalysts, engineering architectures, implantable biofuel cells, applications and novel innovations and challenges in this sector. This book is a reference guide for the peoples working in the areas of energy and environment. This book is an essential reference guide for readers, students, faculty, engineers, industrialists, energy chemists, material scientists, electrochemists biotechnologists, microbiologists, and environmentalists who would like to understand the science behind the advanced renewable energy, advanced materials and flexible implantable devices, etc. This book includes the seventeen chapters and the summaries are given below. Chapter 1 provides details about the factors that influence electron transfer in two categories of bioelectro catalysis, the enzymatic and the microbial catalysis. Anodic and cathodic relevant reactions for these two types of biocatalysts are discussed in addition to their applications. Challenges for preparation of electrodes as well as various techniques and strategies for immobilization of enzymes and bacteria are discussed in details. Chapter 2 highlights recent progress in implantable and wearable biofuel cell technologies and their breakthrough applications particularly in living bodies. Important parameters such as sufficient and stable power output, long duration, biocompatibility, biofouling, inflammation that need to be resolved before being converted into a commercial product are discussed. Chapter 3 discusses some of the challenges and factors that affect the overall performance and efficiency of biofuel cells. Biofuel cell development is an emerging versatile technological platform for harvesting the desired energy requirements of miniature implantable medical devices to meet the challenges of various biomedical applications under physiological conditions. Chapter 4 discusses the basic structure of an enzymatic fuel cell. Various enzymes used in enzymatic biofuel cells and their modes of electron transport are mentioned. Enzyme immobilization strategies and different materials for enzyme immobilization are also detailed. Finally, the advantages and prospects with pertaining challenges are discussed. Chapter 5 provides general knowledge about microbial fuel cell technology. The basic working principle of the microbial fuel cell is discussed. Furthermore, the components of microbial fuel cell technology, i.e. reactor configurations, anode and cathode materials and type of substrates are elaborated. The application, challenges, and prospects of microbial fuel cell technology are also presented. Chapter 6 summarizes the basic principles of the biofuel cells and their uses in various fields. The discussion is mainly focused on the flexibility to the biofuel cells, recent advances and the challenges that are faced by flexible biofuel cells. Chapter 7 discusses various types of carbon-based nanomaterials in
