drug cocktail prior to countershock in a porcine model of prolonged ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation. 2001; 51:301–8.
73 73 Grmec S, Mally S. Vasopressin improves outcome in out‐of‐hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation of ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia: a observational cohort study. Crit Care. 2006; 10:R13.
74 74 Guyette FX, Guimond GE, Hostler D, Callaway CW. Vasopressin administered with epinephrine is associated with a return of a pulse in out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2004; 63:277–82.
75 75 Mally S, Jelatancev A, Grmec S. Effects of epinephrine and vasopressin on end‐tidal carbon dioxide tension and mean arterial blood pressure in out‐of‐hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: an observational study. Crit Care. 2007; 11:R39.
76 76 Jacobs IG, Finn JC, Jelinek GA, Oxer HF, Thompson PL. Effect of adrenaline on survival in out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest: A randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial. Resuscitation. 2011; 82:1138–43.
77 77 Perkins GD, Ji C, Deakin CD, et al. A randomized trial of epinephrine in out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2018; 379:711–21.
78 78 Kudenchuk PJ, Brown SP, Daya M, et al. Amiodarone, lidocaine, or placebo in out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2016; 374:1711–22.
79 79 Bunch TJ, White RD, Friedman PA, Kottke TE, Wu LA, Packer DL. Trends in treated ventricular fibrillation out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest: a 17‐year population‐based study. Heart Rhythm. 2004; 1:255–9.
80 80 Cobb LA, Fahrenbruch CE, Olsufka M, Copass MK. Changing incidence of out‐of‐hospital ventricular fibrillation, 1980‐2000. JAMA. 2002; 288:3008–13.
81 81 Polentini MS, Pirrallo RG, McGill W. The changing incidence of ventricular fibrillation in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (1992–2002). Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006; 10:52–60.
82 82 Youngquist ST, Kaji AH, Niemann JT. Beta‐blocker use and the changing epidemiology of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest rhythms. Resuscitation. 2008; 76:376–80.
83 83 Bar‐Joseph G, Abramson NS, Kelsey SF, Mashiach T, Craig MT, Safar P. Improved resuscitation outcome in emergency medical systems with increased usage of sodium bicarbonate during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005; 49:6–15.
84 84 Nagao K, Kikushima K, Watanabe K, et al. Early induction of hypothermia during cardiac arrest improves neurological outcomes in patients with out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest who undergo emergency cardiopulmonary bypass and percutaneous coronary intervention. Circ J. 2010; 74:77–85.
85 85 Nagao K, Nayashi N, Kanmatsuse K, Arima K, Ohtsuki J, Kikushima K, Watanabe I. Cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation using emergency cardiopulmonary bypass, coronary reperfusion therapy and mild hypothermia in patients with cardiac arrest outside the hospital. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 36:776–83.
86 86 Bellezzo JM, Shinar Z, Davis DP, et al. Emergency physician‐initiated extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2012; 83:966–70.
87 87 Le Guen M, Nicolas‐Robin A, Carreira S, et al. Extracorporeal life support following out‐of‐hospital refractory cardiac arrest. Crit Care. 2011; 15:R29.
88 88 Reynolds JC, Frisch A, Rittenberger JC, Callaway CW. Duration of resuscitation efforts and functional outcome after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest: when should we change to novel therapies? Circulation. 2013; 128:2488–94.
89 89 Grunau B, Kime N, Leroux B, et al. Association of intra‐arrest transport vs continued on‐scene resuscitation with survival to hospital discharge among patients with out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2020; 324:1058–67.
90 90 Edelson DP, Sasson C, Chen PS, et al. Interim guidance for basic and advanced life support in adults, children and neonates with suspected or confirmed COVID‐19. Circulation. 2020; 141:e933–43.
91 91 Gray WA, Capone RJ, Most AS. Unsuccessful emergency medical resuscitation—are continued efforts in the emergency department justified? N Engl J Med. 1991; 325:1393–8.
92 92 Ong ME, Jaffey J, Stiell I, Nesbitt L. Comparison of termination‐of‐resuscitation guidelines for basic life support: defibrillator providers in out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 2006; 47:337–43.
93 93 Bonnin MJ, Pepe PE, Kimball KT, Clark PS Jr. Distinct criteria for termination of resuscitation in the out‐of‐hospital setting. JAMA. 1993; 270:1457–62.
94 94 Cone DC, Bailey ED, Spackman AB. The safety of a field termination‐of‐resuscitation protocol. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2005; 9:276–81.
95 95 Kellermann AL. Criteria for dead‐on‐arrivals, prehospital termination of CPR, and do‐not‐resuscitate orders. Ann Emerg Med. 1993; 22:47–51.
96 96 Morrison LJ, Visentin LM, Kiss A, et al. Validation of a rule for termination of resuscitation in out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355:478–87.
97 97 Drennan IR, Case E, Verbeek PR, et al. A comparison of the universal TOR Guideline to the absence of prehospital ROSC and duration of resuscitation in predicting futility from out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2017; 111:96–102.
98 98 Nas J, Kliennibbelink G, Hannink G, et al. Diagnostic performance of the basic and advanced life support termination of resuscitation rules: a systematic review and diagnostic meta‐analysis. Resuscitation. 2020; 148:3–13.
99 99 Delbridge TR, Fosnocht DE, Garrison HG, Auble TE. Field termination of unsuccessful out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation: acceptance by family members. Ann Emerg Med. 1996; 27:649–54.
100 100 Schmidt TA, Harrahill MA. Family response to death in the field. Ann Emerg Med. 1993; 22:918.
101 101 Hall WL 2nd, Myers JH, Pepe PE, Larkin GL, Sirbaugh PE, Persse DE. The perspective of paramedics about on‐scene termination of resuscitation efforts for pediatric patients. Resuscitation. 2004; 60:175–87.
102 102 Campos A, Ernest EV, Cash RE et al. The Association of Death Notification and Related Training with Burnout among Emergency Medical Services Professionals. Prehosp Emerg Care. Jul 20:1–10. PMID: 32584686.
103 103 Cheung B, Mercer, M. Prehospital disposition and patient outcomes in cardiac arrest AFTER resuscitation termination protocol change in an urban Setting. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2020; 35:285–92.
104 104 Ramiro R, Menegazzi JJ, Wang HE, Callaway CW. Post‐resuscitation hemodynamics and relationship to duration of ventricular fibrillation. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2004; 8:81.
105 105 Adrie C, Adib‐Conquy M, Laurent I, et al. Successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest as a “sepsis‐like” syndrome. Circulation. 2002; 106:562–8.
106 106 Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Rhee KH, Berg RA. Myocardial dysfunction after resuscitation from cardiac arrest: an example of global myocardial stunning. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 28:232–40.
107 107 Tennyson H, Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Berg RA, Ewy GA. Treatment of post resuscitation myocardial dysfunction: aortic counterpulsation versus dobutamine. Resuscitation. 2002; 54:69–75.
108 108 Vasquez A, Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Heidenreich J, Berg RA, Ewy GA. Optimal dosing of dobutamine for treating post‐resuscitation left ventricular dysfunction. Resuscitation. 2004; 61:199–207.
109 109 Guyette FX, Martin‐Gill C, Galli G, McQuaid N, Elmer J. Bolus dose epinephrine improves blood pressure but is associated with increased mortality in critical care transport. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2019; 23:764–71.
110 110 Reynolds JC, Callaway CW, El Khoudary SR, Moore CG, Alvarez RJ, Rittenberger JC. Coronary angiography predicts improved outcome following cardiac arrest: propensity‐adjusted analysis. J Intensive Care Med. 2009; 24:179–86.
111 111 Dumas F, Cariou A, Manzo‐Silberman S,. Immediate percutaneous coronary intervention is associated with better survival after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest: insights from the PROCAT (Parisian Region Out of hospital Cardiac ArresT) registry. Cardiovasc