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Emergency Medical Services


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      37 37 Robichaud L, Ross D, Proulx MH, et al. Prehospital nitroglycerin safety in inferior ST elevation myocardial infarction. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2016; 20:76–81.

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      42 42 Weldon ER, Ariano RE, Grierson RA. Comparison of fentanyl and morphine in the prehospital treatment of ischemic type chest pain. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2016; 20(1):45–51.

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      44 44 Weaver WD, Cerqueira M, Hallstrom AP, et al. Prehospital‐initiated vs hospital‐initiated thrombolytic therapy. The Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention Trial. JAMA. 1993; 270:1211–6.

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      47 47 Savino PB, Sporer KA, Barger JA, et al. Chest pain of suspected cardiac origin: current evidence‐based recommendations for prehospital care. West J Emerg Med. 2015; 16:983–95.

      48 48 Stenestrand U, Lindback J, Wallentin L. Long‐term outcome of primary percutaneous coronary intervention vs prehospital and in‐hospital thrombolysis for patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2006; 296:1749–56.

      49 49 Widimsky P, Budesinsky T, Vorac D, et al. Long distance transport for primary angioplasty vs immediate thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. Final results of the randomized national multicentre trial‐‐PRAGUE‐2. Eur Heart J. 2003; 24:94–104.

      50 50 Busk M, Maeng M, Rasmussen K, et al. The Danish multicentre randomized study of fibrinolytic therapy vs. primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction (the DANAMI‐2 trial): outcome after 3 years follow‐up. Eur Heart J. 2008; 29:1259–66.

      51 51 Swor R, Anderson W, Jackson R, Wilson A. Effects of EMS transportation on time to diagnosis and treatment of acute myocardial infarction in the emergency department. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1994; 9:160–4.

      52 52 Luepker RV, Raczynski JM, Osganian S, et al. Effect of a community intervention on patient delay and emergency medical service use in acute coronary heart disease: The Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment (REACT) Trial. JAMA. 2000; 284:60–7.

      53 53 McNamara RL, Wang Y, Herrin J, et al. Effect of door‐to‐balloon time on mortality in patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 47:2180–6.

      54 54 Brown JP, Mahmud E, Dunford JV, Ben‐Yehuda O. Effect of prehospital 12‐lead electrocardiogram on activation of the cardiac catheterization laboratory and door‐to‐balloon time in ST‐segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2008; 101:158–61.

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      56 56 Larson DM, Menssen KM, Sharkey SW, et al. “False‐positive” cardiac catheterization laboratory activation among patients with suspected ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2007; 298:2754–60.

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      58 58 Nestler DM, White RD, Rihal CS, et al. Impact of prehospital electrocardiogram protocol and immediate catheterization team activation for patients with ST‐elevation‐myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2011; 4:640–6.

      59 59 Cone DC, Lee CH, Van Gelder C. EMS activation of the cardiac catheterization laboratory is associated with process improvements in the care of myocardial infarction patients. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2013; 17:293–8.

      60 60 Horvath SA, Xu K, Nwanyanwu F, et al. Impact of the prehospital activation strategy in patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous revascularization: a single center community hospital experience. Crit Pathw Cardiol. 2012; 11:186–92.

      61 61 Shavadia