Tippit, D.H. and Pickett-Heaps, J.D., Mitosis in pennate diatom Surirella ovalis. J. Cell Biol., 73, 3, 705–727, 1977.
[1.222] Tippit, D.H. and Pickett-Heaps, J.D., Reconstruction of spindle microtubules during anaphase elongation in the rust fungus Puccinia. J. Cell Biol., 97, 5, A187, 1983.
[1.223] Tippit, D.H., Pickett-Heaps, J.D., Leslie, R., Cell division in two large pennate diatoms Hantzschia and Nitzschia. III. A new proposal for kinetochore function during prometaphase. J. Cell Biol., 86, 2, 402–416, 1980.
[1.224] Tippit, D.H., Pillus, L., Pickett-Heaps, J., Organization of spindle microtubules in Ochromonas danica. J. Cell Biol., 87, 3, 531–545, 1980.
[1.225] Tippit, D.H., Pillus, L., Pickett-Heaps, J.D., Interactions of spindle microtubules in Ochromonas danica. Eur. J. Cell Biol., 22, 1, 309–309, 1980.
[1.226] Tippit, D.H., Pillus, L., Pickett-Heaps, J.D., Near neighbor analysis of spindle microtubules in the alga Ochromonas. Eur. J. Cell Biol., 30, 1, 9–17, 1983.
[1.227] Tippit, D.H., Schulz, D., Pickett-Heaps, J.D., Changes in spindle structure during mitosis in Fragilaria. J. Cell Biol., 75, 2, A279, 1977.
[1.228] Tippit, D.H., Schulz, D., Pickett-Heaps, J.D., Analysis of the distribution of spindle microtubules in the diatom Fragilaria. J. Cell Biol., 79, 3, 737–763, 1978.
[1.229] Tippit, D.H., Smith, H., Pickett-Heaps, J.D., Cell form mutants in Micrasterias. Protoplasma, 113, 3, 234–236, 1982.
[1.230] Troutt, L.L. and Pickett-Heaps, J.D., Reactivating prometaphase movement in permeabilized animal cells. Protoplasma, 170, 1-2, 22–33, 1992.
[1.231] Troutt, L.L., Spurck, T.P., Pickett-Heaps, J.D., The effects of diazepam on mitosis and the microtubule cytoskeleton. II. Observations on newt epithelial and Ptk1 cells. Protoplasma, 189, 1-2, 101–112, 1995.
[1.232] Troxell, C.L., Scheffey, C., Pickett-Heaps, J.D., Ionic currents during wall morphogenesis in Micrasterias and Closterium. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 210, 105–112, 1986.
[1.233] van de Meene, A.M.L. and Pickett-Heaps, J.D., Spine morphogenesis in three marine centric diatoms. Phycologia, 36, 4, 115, 1997.
[1.234] van de Meene, A.M.L. and Pickett-Heaps, J.D., Cytoplasmic rotation during valve morphogenesis of the marine centric diatom Rhizosolenia setigera. Phycologia, 40, 4 Supplement, 40, 2001.
[1.235] van de Meene, A.M.L. and Pickett-Heaps, J.D., Valve morphogenesis in the centric diatom Proboscia alata Sundstrom. J. Phycol., 38, 2, 351–363, 2002.
[1.236] van de Meene, A.M.L. and Pickett-Heaps, J.D., Valve morphogenesis in the centric diatom Rhizosolenia setigera (Bacillariophyceae, Centrales) and its taxonomic implications. Eur. J. Phycol., 39, 1, 93–104, 2004.
[1.237] Vesk, M., Hoffman, L.R., Pickett-Heaps, J.D., Mitosis and cell division in Hydrurus foetidus (Chrysophyceae). J. Phycol., 20, 4, 461–470, 1984.
[1.238] Weatherill, K., Lambiris, I., Pickett-Heaps, J.D., Deane, J.A., Beech, P.L., Plastid division in Mallomonas (Synurophyceae, Heterokonta). J. Phycol., 43, 3, 535–541, 2007.
[1.239] Weatherill, K.J., Lambiris, I., Pickett-Heaps, J., Beech, P.L., Chloroplast division in the chromophyte alga, Mallomonas. Phycologia, 36, 4, Suppl. 5, 121, 1997.
[1.240] West, J.A., Zuccarello, G.C., Scott, J., Pickett-Heaps, J., Kim, G.H., Observations on Purpureofilum apyrenoidigerum gen. et sp. nov. from Australia and Bangiopsis subsimplex from India (Stylonematales, Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta). Phycol. Res., 53, 1, 49–66, 2005.
[1.241] Wetherbee, R., Andersen, R.A., Pickett-Heaps, J.D. (Eds.), The Protistan Cell Surface (“Protoplasma”), Springer, 1994.
[1.242] Wetherbee, R., Andersen, R.A., Pickett-Heaps, J.D., Untitled. Protoplasma, 181, 1-4, R3, 1994.
[1.243] Wetherbee, R., Platt, S.J., Beech, P.L., Pickett-Heaps, J.D., Flagellar transformation in the heterokont Epipyxis pulchra (Chrysophyceae): Direct observations using image enhanced light microscopy. Protoplasma, 145, 1, 47–54, 1988.
[1.244] Wilson, S.M., Pickett-Heaps, J.D., West, J.A., Fertilization and the cytoskeleton in the red alga Bostrychia moritziana (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta). Eur. J. Phycol., 37, 4, 509–522, 2002.
[1.245] Wilson, S.M., Pickett-Heaps, J.D., West, J.A., Vesicle transport and the cytoskeleton in the unicellular red alga Glaucosphaera vacuolata. Phycol. Res., 54, 1, 15–20, 2006.
[1.246] Wilson, S.M., West, J.A., Pickett-Heaps, J.D., Time lapse videomicroscopy of fertilization and the actin cytoskeleton in Murrayella periclados (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta). Phycologia, 42, 6, 638–645, 2003.
Preface
Anyone who has peered into a microscope and observed the movement of diatoms knows they have witnessed an intriguing example of cellular biology. Unlike most other of their sister algae, this movement involves neither swimming through solution (like Euglena or Chlamydomonas) or amoeboid crawling of membrane and cytoplasm (like Synchroma). Surrounded by a hardened silicified cell wall, motile diatoms are still able to glide gracefully along surfaces while the cell protoplast remains contained within these ornate cell walls. As such, the mysteries involving this curious form of movement have been of interest for well over a hundred years, and models of many sorts have been proposed to explain it (see [1.20]).
Our hope is that this volume will help to not only convey our excitement about research in diatoms, but also demonstrate a variety of techniques and approaches currently used to understand some of the aspects of diatom movement. We have included chapters centering on a number of areas: detailed observation of movements [1.23] [1.43], cellular aspects of motility [1.5] [1.8], ecology and environmental interactions [1.13] [1.40] [1.44], more passive and epiphitic movements [1.18] [1.42], new and novel methodologies [1.2] [1.51] and potential models of motility [1.7] [1.20] [1.47].
Our goal is not to vigorously promote and defend any one particular model, but rather to present the reader with the variety of experimental approaches that are currently being used to address the problem. In this way readers will be able to assess for themselves the areas of diatom motility that require further exploration, and the predictions of various models that still need to be tested. For example, the exact mechanism of force production for diatom motility is still unresolved. While models of force generation arising from motor proteins interacting with the cytoskeleton and coupled to secreted mucilage strands are favored by some, others currently favor models generating motile force generated by the explosive release and hydration of mucilage regulated by the localization of the secretory site directed by the underlying cytoskeleton.
There are certainly areas of diatom motility that were unfortunately not able to be included in this volume, and we encourage readers to explore these areas if they wish to be more fully aware of important work in the field. In particular, the editors want to note a number of areas of diatom motility that are not fully addressed in the current volume or are open areas and questions needing more research:
Chemotaxis: Understanding the chemical triggers that can stimulate and help regulate diatom movement, especially during cell pairing during reproduction, is crucial to a full understanding of the process. Important work on diatom chemoattractants and pheromones has been done in recent years (e.g., diatom pheromones [1.19] [1.39]), although the mechanisms by which these chemical stimulants interact with and help to regulate the motility generating process are still poorly understood.
Tube-dwelling diatoms: A number of species have the ability to specialize their extracellular