dyes with textile amino groups, for vin...Figure 2.5 Diagram of (a): the micelle, (b): reverse micelle formation.Figure 2.6 TEM images of reverse micelle-encapsulated Levafix-CA dye [63].Figure 2.7 SEM photographs of the surface of cotton fiber, (a): before dyeing; (...Figure 2.8 Diagram of reactive dye in D5 medium.Figure 2.9 Color strength (K/S) values and fixation (%) of dichlorotriazine dye ...Figure 2.10 Interaction between dye and surfactant in D5 medium and D5 reverse m...Figure 2.11 Confocal fluorescence images of distribution of water (a, b, e, f) a...Figure 2.12 Adsorption of reactive dyes at isothermal conditions (20 °C), (a & b...Figure 2.13 The dyeing pilot plant of 25 kg [84].Figure 2.14 EDX Spectrum and SEM images of samples dyed in water medium (a), (b)...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Examples of structural color by interference on a soap bubble (a), gr...Figure 3.2 Various ways and methods of structural coloration on textiles.Figure 3.3 Schematic diagram of single thin-film interference.Figure 3.4 Schematic diagram of multilayer interference.Figure 3.5 Schematic illustration of the process of colloidal electrospinning an...Figure 3.6 Schematic diagram of co-sedimentation self-assembly of binary colloid...Figure 3.7 Photonic crystal patterns fabricated by P(St-BA-MAA)@disperse dye mic...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Beer manufacturing in ancient Egypt using enzymes reprinted from [2] ...Figure 4.2 The course of an enzyme reaction [6].Figure 4.3 Classification of enzymes reprinted from [7] with permission from Els...Figure 4.4 β-elimination mechanism for α-1,4-polygalacturonic acid cleavage [18]...Figure 4.5 Wool fiber under Scanning electron microscopy reprinted from [19] wit...Figure 4.6 Cellulases catalyze three types of reactions: i) endocellulase, ii) e...Figure 4.7 Left: original (raw) indigo dyed denim, right: Bio-stone washed denim...Figure 4.8 Microscopic images of: (a) cotton fabric; (b) same cotton fabric afte...Figure 4.9 Illustrative demonstration of cellulase treatment showing intensifica...Figure 4.10 Bio hydrolysis of nylon 6.6 fibers after mixed-enzyme treatment [76]...Figure 4.11 Protease treatment showing hydrolysis of nylon 6 [73].
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Chemical structure of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and polytetrafluoroet...Figure 5.2 Vinyl acetate (VA) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) chemical formulas [12...Figure 5.3 Twostep process for PVA synthesis [17, 18].Figure 5.4 Polyurethanes (PUs) synthesis [12, 24–28].Figure 5.5 Structural formulas of vinyl chloride (VC), polyvinyl chloride (PVC),...Figure 5.6 Chemical formulas of silicon and polysiloxanes [34–36].Figure 5.7 Acrylic polymers; synthesis and chemical structures [12, 40, 41].Figure 5.8 Polyphosphazenes and polyphosphoesters chemical structures [45, 46].Figure 5.9 Traditional coating methods [6–8, 12, 13, 28, 47–49].Figure 5.10 Cyclodextrins chemical structures [54–58].Figure 5.11 Cyclodextrins dimensions (pm) [56, 58].Figure 5.12 Chemical structure of chitin before and after a partial deacetylatio...Figure 5.13 Chair structure of alginic (a) acid and (b) sodium alginate [70–72].Figure 5.14 Polyethylene glycol (PEG) chemical structure [80].Figure 5.15 Cis-1,4-polyisoprene (Natural rubber (NR)) [87].Figure 5.16 Chemical structures of polyvinyl acetate and polyvinyl alcohol [18, ...Figure 5.17 Chemical structure of polyamidoamine (PAMAM- G0) [102, 103].Figure 5.18 Silk sericin (SS) chemical structure [113].Figure 5.19 Chemical structures of polyphenols subclasses [118, 119].Figure 5.20 Sol–gel process with silicon alkoxides as precursors [134, 136–141].Figure 5.21 Plasmas classification [7, 145, 148–150].Figure 5.22 Supercritical fluid phase diagram (CO2 as an example) [160, 163, 164...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and ultra-hydrophobic surfaces [2, 7].Figure 6.2 SEM images of lotus leaves [5, 9].Figure 6.3 Schematic of the connection between roughening and self-cleaning [12]...Figure 6.4 Surface tensions of solid/liquid/vapor phases in Young’s model [11].Figure 6.5 Wenzel model for static contact angle [21].Figure 6.6 The relationship between the contact angle and roughness factor [21].Figure 6.7 Wenzel model for static contact angle [5].Figure 6.8 Schematic of the spray-coating of the solution [28].Figure 6.9 Schematic of advancing and receding angles [32].Figure 6.10 Schematic representation of the goniometer [32].Figure 6.11 SEM images of hydrophobic cotton fabric [33].Figure 6.12 Schematic of cotton modification with TDI [34].Figure 6.13 SEM images of (a) cotton fiber, (b) treated with nano-silica [10].Figure 6.14 Chemical structure of hexamethyldisiloxane [29].Figure 6.15 Production of hydrophobic fabrics using middle frequency (MF) plasma...Figure 6.16 The effects of BTCA concentration on the carboxyl content [35].Figure 6.17 The effects of reaction time on the contact angle in BTCA–TBT–OA-tre...Figure 6.18 The effects of OA curing time and temperature on water contact angle...Figure 6.19 Schematic of the preparation of hydrophobic fabrics [24].Figure 6.20 The SEM images of (a) cotton fabric, (b) Fe(III)/TA-treated fabric, ...Figure 6.21 The effects of laundry cycles on contact angle [27].Figure 6.22 The effects of the citric acid concentration on contact angle [33].
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 UV-transmittance behavior of a textile material.Figure 7.2 UPF for fabrics with different density [32].Figure 7.3 Chemical arrangements of UV shields for textile supports.Figure 7.4 Synthesis of nanoparticles for UV shielded textiles.
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 How clothing blocks UV radiation [20].Figure 8.2 Radiation in contact with a textile surface reprinted from [3] under ...Figure 8.3 Interaction of radiation with fabrics of varying cover factors reprin...Figure 8.4 Typical spectrum of transmission for a titanium dioxide nanoparticle ...Figure 8.5 An ultraviolet-absorbent finish effects on absorption at different wa...Figure 8.6 TiO2 nanoparticles’ photocatalytic mechanism under the radiation of U...
9 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Flowsheet diagram for the classification of surfactants.Figure 10.2 Applications of surfactants in different industries.Figure 10.3 Pictorial representation of removal of dyes by adsorptive micellar f...
10 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Degradation of a dye by ozonation.
11 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 ROS formation during energy and electron reactions [25].Figure 12.2 Time scale of basic processes taking place in a cold atmospheric pla...Figure 12.3 Profoks/CAP remote discharge reactor.Figure 12.4 Pilot scale Profoks/CAP treatment system.Figure 12.5 Membrane [45].Figure 12.6 Appearances of raw and treated process water.
List of Tables
1 Chapter 2Table 2.1. Dyeing conditions and fastness properties of wool, cotton and silk fa...
2 Chapter 4Table 4.1. Industrial applications of hydrolase enzymes [8].Table 4.2. Biotransformation reactions and application of α-amylase [3].Table 4.3. Application of cellulases in textile finishing [31].Table 4.4. Bleaching process conditions [40].
3 Chapter 5Table 5.1. Sericin content of amino acids [109, 112].
4 Chapter 6Table 6.1. Hydrophobicity of treated fabrics with plasma [30].
5 Chapter 7Table 7.1. Protection series of some polymeric supports according to ASTMD6603 a...Table 7.2. UpdatedTable with the most applied textile UV textile finishing.
6 Chapter 8Table 8.1. Range and effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) [8].Table 8.2. Common UPF ratings [21].Table 8.3. Clothing factors impact on UPF of textiles [36].Table 8.4. Porosity and maximum theoretical UPF [35].Table 8.5. Different dyes and different substrates impact on UPF [36].Table 8.6. UPF values of cotton fabric dyed with natural colorants [21].Table 8.7. UV protection factors (UPF) of undyed fabrics [21].Table 8.8. Measurements of UPF for a T-shirt made of cotton (437W) and mercerize...Table 8.9. Measurements of UPF for a T-shirt made of cotton (437W) and mercerize...Table 8.10. Measurements of UPF for a T-shirt made of cotton (437W) and merceriz...
7 Chapter 12Table 12.1. Wastewater characterization of textile wastewater before and after t...Table 12.2. Profox/CAP wastewater treatment and water recovery plant design inle...Table 12.3. Profoks/CAP wastewater treatment and water recovery facility investm...
Guide
1 Cover
3