Encyclopaedia Brittanica, “World Wide Web (WWW)”.
8 8 Alex McPeak, “A brief history of Web browsers and how they work,” CrossBrowserTesting, Jan. 24, 2018.
9 9 Pew Research Center, “Americans still prefer watching to reading the news – and mostly still through television,” Dec. 3, 2018. The survey of 3,425 US adults was conducted July 30-Aug. 12, 2018.
10 10 David H. Weaver, Lars Willnat, and G. Cleveland Wilnoit, “The American journalist in the digital age: another look at US news people,” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, July 4, 2018.
11 11 Pew Research Center, “10 charts about America’s newsrooms,” April 28, 2020. The estimate of newsroom employment is based on US Bureau of Labor Statistics occupational employment data.
12 12 Johanna Dunaway, “Mobile vs. computer: implications for news audiences and outlets,” Harvard Kennedy School’s Shorenstein Center, Aug. 30, 2016.
13 13 Pew Research Center, “Americans who mainly get their news on social media are less engaged, less knowledgeable,” July 30, 2020. The survey of US adults was conducted Oct. 29-Nov. 11, 2019.
14 14 Pew Research Center, “Americans favor mobile devices over desktops and laptops for getting news,” Nov. 19, 2019. The survey was conducted July 8-21, 2019.
15 15 Dunaway, “Mobile vs. computer”.
16 16 Bill Marimow in an email exchange with Gene Foreman, March 2013.
17 17 Maureen Dowd, “As Time goes bye,” The New York Times, Mar. 9, 2013.
18 18 In composing this definition of journalism, the authors derived its components from Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel, The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect, 3rd edn. (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2014).
19 19 Cecilia Friend and Jane B. Singer, Online Journalism Ethics: Traditions and Transitions (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2007), 218.
20 20 Ibid., 218.
21 21 Kovach and Rosenstiel, The Elements of Journalism, 27.
Point of View
A ‘Tribal Ferocity’ Enforces the Code
The looseness of the journalistic life, the seeming laxity of the newsroom, is an illusion.
By John Carroll
This essay is excerpted from the Ruhl Lecture on Ethics delivered at the University of Oregon on May 6, 2004. John Carroll was then the editor of the Los Angeles Times.
ONE REASON I was drawn to my chosen career is its informality, in contrast to the real professions. Unlike doctors, lawyers, or even jockeys, journalists have no entrance exams, no licenses, no governing board to pass solemn judgment when they transgress. Indeed, it is the constitutional right of every citizen, no matter how ignorant or how depraved, to be a journalist. This wild liberty, this official laxity, is one of journalism’s appeals.
I was always taken, too, by the kinds of people who practiced journalism. My father, Wallace Carroll, was editor and publisher of a regional newspaper, in Winston‐Salem, North Carolina. The people he worked with seemed more vital and engaged than your normal run of adults. They talked animatedly about things they were learning – things that were important, things that were absurd. They told hilarious jokes. I understood little about the work they did, except that it entailed typing, but I felt I’d like to hang around with such people when I grew up. Much later, after I’d been a journalist for years, I became aware of an utterance by Walter Lippmann that captured something I especially liked about life in the newsroom. “Journalism,” he declared, “is the last refuge of the vaguely talented.”
Here is something else I’ve come to realize: The looseness of the journalistic life, the seeming laxity of the newsroom, is an illusion. Yes, there’s informality and humor, but beneath the surface lies something deadly serious. It is a code. Sometimes the code is not even written down, but it is deeply believed in. And, when violated, it is enforced with tribal ferocity.
Consider, for example, the recent events at The New York Times.
Before it was discovered that the young reporter Jayson Blair had fabricated several dozen stories, the news staff of The Times was already unhappy. Many members felt aggrieved at what they considered a high‐handed style of editing. I know this because some were applying to me for jobs at the Los Angeles Times. But until Jayson Blair came along, the rumble of discontent remained just that, a low rumble.
When the staff learned that the paper had repeatedly misled its readers, the rumble became something more formidable: an insurrection. The aggrieved party was no longer merely the staff. It was the reader, and that meant the difference between a misdemeanor and a felony. Because the reader had been betrayed, the discontent acquired a moral force so great that it could only be answered by the dismissal of the ranking editors. The Blair scandal was a terrible event, but it also said something very positive about The Times, for it demonstrated beyond question the staff’s commitment to the reader.
Several years ago, at the Los Angeles Times, we too had an insurrection. To outsiders the issue seemed arcane, but to the staff it was starkly obvious. The paper had published a fat edition of its Sunday magazine devoted to the opening of the city’s new sports and entertainment arena, called the Staples Center. Unknown to its readers – and to the newsroom staff – the paper had formed a secret partnership with Staples. The agreement was as follows: The newspaper would publish a special edition of the Sunday magazine; the developer would help the newspaper sell ads in it; and the two would split the proceeds. Thus was the independence of the newspaper compromised – and the reader betrayed.
I was not working at the newspaper at the time, but I’ve heard many accounts of a confrontation in the cafeteria between the staff and the publisher. It was not a civil discussion among respectful colleagues. Several people who told me about it invoked the image of a lynch mob. The Staples episode, too, led to the departure of the newspaper’s top brass.
What does all this say about newspaper ethics? It says that certain beliefs are very deeply held. It says that a newspaper’s duty to the reader is at the core of those beliefs. And it says that those who transgress against the reader will pay dearly.
A secret partnership between a newspaper and a subject of news coverage sparked a newsroom revolt.
2 Ethics: The Bedrock of a Society An introduction to terms and concepts in an applied-ethics course.
This “Rock of Truth” inscription adorned the home of The Dallas Morning News from 1948 until 2017. When the news organization moved to a smaller home in a renovated library building, its statement of journalism ethics came along – this time etched in glass.
Photo courtesy of The Dallas Morning News.
Learning Goals
This chapter will help you understand:
the definition of ethics – discern what is right and wrong, then act on what is right;
how ancient societies developed systems of ethics;
how ethics and the law are similar and how they differ;
how people’s values shape the choices they make;
the meaning of the term ethical dilemma; and
how an ethical person makes decisions.
VIRGINIA GERST KNOWS something about ethics. In May