books is adopted. Thus: a, means that the book so marked is considered the book, or as good as any, at a moderate cost; b means, in like manner, the best of the more elaborate or costly books on the subject. In the department of Fiction, a more precise classification has been attempted, in which a general idea of the relative importance of the authors is indicated by the use of the letters a, b, and c, and of the relative value of their several works by the asterisks * and **."
Having noted a few of the Guides which are now at hand for the use of the founders of a library, we may be allowed to go back somewhat in time, and consider how our predecessors treated this same subject, and we can then conclude the present Introduction with a consideration of the less ambitious attempts to instruct the book collector which may be found in papers and articles.
One of the earliest works on the formation of a library was written by Bishop Cardona, and published at Tarragona in 1587, in a thin volume entitled De regia S. Laurentii Bibliothecâ. De Pontificia Vaticana [etc.].
Justus Lipsius wrote his De Bibliothecis Syntagma at the end of the sixteenth century, and next in importance we come to Gabriel Naudé, who published one of the most famous of bibliographical essays. The first edition was published at Paris in 1627, and the second edition in 1644. This was reprinted in Paris by J. Liseux in 1876—"Advis pour dresser une Bibliothèque, présenté à Monseigneur le Président de Mesme, par G. Naudé P. Paris, chez François Farga, 1627."
This essay was translated by John Evelyn, and dedicated to Lord Chancellor Clarendon. "Instructions concerning erecting of a Library; Presented to My Lord the President De Mesme. By Gabriel Naudeus P., and now interpreted by Jo. Evelyn, Esquire, London, 1661."
Naudé enlarges on the value of Catalogues, and recommends the book-buyer to make known his desires, so that others may help him in the search, or supply his wants. He specially mentions two modes of forming a library; one is to buy libraries entire, and the other is to hunt at book-stalls. He advised the book-buyer not to spend too much upon bindings.
Naudé appears to have been a born librarian, for at the early age of twenty the President De Mesme appointed him to take charge of his library. He left his employer in 1626, in order to finish his medical studies. Cardinal Bagni took him to Rome, and when Bagni died, Naudé became librarian to Cardinal Barberini. Richelieu recalled him to Paris in 1642, to act as his librarian, but the Minister dying soon afterwards, Naudé took the same office under Mazarin. During the troubles of the Fronde, the librarian had the mortification of seeing the library which he had collected dispersed; and in consequence he accepted the offer of Queen Christina, to become her librarian at Stockholm. Naudé was not happy abroad, and when Mazarin appealed to him to reform his scattered library, he returned at once, but died on the journey home at Abbeville, July 29, 1653.
The Mazarin Library consisted of more than 40,000 volumes, arranged in seven rooms filled from top to bottom. It was rich in all classes, but more particularly in Law and Physic. Naudé described it with enthusiasm as "the most beautiful and best furnished of any library now in the world, or that is likely (if affection does not much deceive me) ever to be hereafter." Such should be a library in the formation of which the Kings and Princes and Ambassadors of Europe were all helpers. Naudé in another place called it "the work of my hands and the miracle of my life." Great therefore was his dejection when the library was dispersed. Of this he said, "Beleeve, if you please, that the ruine of this Library will be more carefully marked in all Histories and Calendars, than the taking and sacking of Constantinople." Naudé's letter on the destruction of the Mazarin Library was published in London in 1652, and the pamphlet was reprinted in the Harleian Miscellany. "News from France, or a Description of the Library of Cardinall Mazarini, before it was utterly ruined. Sent in a letter from G. Naudæus, Keeper of the Publick Library. London, Printed for Timothy Garthwait, 1652." 4to. 4 leaves.
In 1650 was published at London, by Samuel Hartlib, a little book entitled, "The Reformed Librarie Keeper, with a Supplement to the Reformed School, as Subordinate to Colleges in Universities. By John Durie. London, William Du-Gard, 1650."3
John Durie's ideas on the educational value of Libraries and the high function of the Librarian are similar to those enunciated by Carlyle, when he wrote, "The true University of these days is a Collection of Books." Of this point, as elaborated in the proposal to establish Professorships of Bibliography, we shall have something more to say further on.
It is always interesting to see the views of great men exemplified in the selection of books for a Library, and we may with advantage study the lists prepared by George III. and Dr. Johnson. The King was a collector of the first rank, as is evidenced by his fine library, now in the British Museum, and he knew his books well. When he was about to visit Weymouth, he wrote to his bookseller for the following books to be supplied to him to form a closet library at that watering place. The list was written from memory, and it was printed by Dibdin in his Library Companion, from the original document in the King's own handwriting:
The Holy Bible. 2 vols. 8vo. Cambridge.
New Whole Duty of Man. 8vo.
The Annual Register. 25 vols. 8vo.
The History of England, by Rapin. 21 vols. 8vo. 1757.
Elémens de l'Histoire de France, par Millot. 3 vols. 12mo. 1770.
Siècle de Louis XIV., par Voltaire, 12mo.
Siècle de Louis XV., par Voltaire, 12mo.
Commentaries on the Laws of England, by Sir William Blackstone. 4 vols. 8vo. Newest Edition.
The Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer, by R. Burn. 4 vols. 8vo.
An Abridgement of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary. 2 vols. 8vo.
Dictionnaire François et Anglois, par M.A. Boyer. 8vo.
The Works of the English Poets, by Sam. Johnson. 68 vols. 12mo.
A Collection of Poems, by Dodsley, Pearch, and Mendez. 11 vols. 12mo.
A Select Collection of Poems, by J. Nichols. 8 vols. 12mo.
Shakespeare's Plays, by Steevens.
Œuvres de Destouches. 5 vols. 12mo.
The Works of Sir William Temple. 4 vols. 8vo.
The Works of Jonathan Swift. 24 vols. 12mo.
Dr. Johnson recommended the following list of books to the Rev. Mr. Astle, of Ashbourne, Derbyshire, as a good working collection:—
Rollin's Ancient History.
Universal History (Ancient).
Puffendorf's Introduction to History.
Vertot's History of the Knights of Malta.
Vertot's Revolutions of Portugal.
Vertot's Revolutions of Sweden.
Carte's History of England.
Present State of England.
Geographical Grammar.
Prideaux's Connection.
Nelson's Feasts and Fasts.
Duty of Man.
Gentleman's Religion.
Clarendon's History.
Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
Watts's Logick.
Nature Displayed.
Lowth's English Grammar.
Blackwall on the Classicks.
Sherlock's Sermons.
Burnet's Life of Hale.
Dupin's History of the Church.
Shuckford's Connection.
Law's Serious Call.
Walton's Complete Angler.
Sandys's Travels.
Sprat's History of the Royal Society.
England's Gazetteer.
Goldsmith's Roman History.
Some