and end‐fire arrays for N = ...Figure 5.48 The radiation pattern (in half‐space), SLL, HPBW, and gain for f...Figure 5.49 Array radiation patterns of two short dipoles separated by d = λ...Figure 5.50 Mutual resistance and reactance of two parallel dipoles as a fun...Figure 5.51 Mutual resistance and reactance of two collinear dipoles as a fu...Figure 5.52 A radio transmitting and receiving system and their conventional...Figure 5.53 A new equivalent circuit for a receiving antenna systemFigure 5.54 A dipole connected to a coaxFigure 5.55 Two examples of balunsFigure 5.56 Four antennas for circular polarizationFigure 5.57 Examples of antennas with various radomes/housing.Figure 5.58 Installed antennas and supporting structure
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Classification of computational electromagnetic methodsFigure 6.2 Comparison of MoM result for N = 1 (dashed line) with the exact s...Figure 6.3 Comparison of MoM result for N = 2 (dashed line) with the exact s...Figure 6.4 A dipole of length 2l, diameter 2a, and gap 2ΔFigure 6.5 A dipole is equally divided into N segmentsFigure 6.6 Current distribution along a dipoleFigure 6.7 Input impedance convergence of the point‐matching approachFigure 6.8 Current distributions (along Y‐axis) and radiation patterns (in XFigure 6.9 FEM simulation of a loop antenna: discretization and current dist...Figure 6.10 FDTD (Yee) cellFigure 6.11 A TLM node for simulationFigure 6.12 EZNEC user interfaceFigure 6.13 Wires input interface.Figure 6.14 Antenna view showing controls and current distribution.Figure 6.15 Source input interface.Figure 6.16 VSWR for a 10 m dipole in free space.Figure 6.17 VSWR for a 10 m dipole 3 m above a perfect ground.Figure 6.18 Comparison of radiation patterns of a dipole with different grou...Figure 6.19 Radiation pattern for a dipole of 10.2 m placed 9 m above a real...Figure 6.20 Two‐monopole array and the EZNEC input.Figure 6.21 The radiation patterns of the array with different phase differe...Figure 6.22 Array patterns in the two principle planes for different φ0...Figure 6.23 A wire model of a helicopterFigure 6.24 The user interface of HFSS.Figure 6.25 A dual‐band PIFA antenna.Figure 6.26 A dual‐band PIFA (dimensions in mm, slot width constant at 1 mm,...Figure 6.27 The convergence plot.Figure 6.28 S11 in dB as a function of the frequency in GHz.Figure 6.29 Radiation pattern at 1755 MHz.Figure 6.30 Meshes and current distribution on the antenna. Source: HFSSFigure 6.31 The dual‐band PIFA antenna with feed line and RF chokeFigure 6.32 Simulated and measured impedances on Smith Chart. (a) Impedance ...Figure 6.33 Simulated and measured S11 in dBFigure 6.34 Simulated results of a rectangular conducting radiator in free s...Figure 6.35 The first four resonant modes of a rectangular conducting radiat...Figure 6.36 A PCB patch antenna with the radiator dimensions 48.40 mm × 40.4...Figure 6.37 The characteristic angle as a function of frequency for the PCB ...Figure 6.38 The reflection coefficient of the patch antenna with a feed from...Figure 6.39 3D radiation patterns of the patch antenna at different frequenc...Figure 6.40 The reflection coefficients of the patch antenna with different ...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Generation of passive intermodulation (PIM) signalsFigure 7.2 Material classificationFigure 7.3 Metamaterial formed by SRRs and wire strips. Source: Jeffrey.D.Wi...Figure 7.4 A high impedance surface and its application for a low‐profile wi...Figure 7.5 Metasurfaces for antenna designs: (a) transmissive metasurface fo...Figure 7.6 LTCC‐integrated antennaFigure 7.7 LDS technology and an LDS mobile phone antennaFigure 7.8 A USB mobile data dongle with three antennas fabricated using FPC...Figure 7.9 A two‐port networkFigure 7.10 The equivalent two‐port network of a transmitting–receiving ante...Figure 7.11 A picture of a typical VNAFigure 7.12 Typical configuration of a VNAFigure 7.13 Open‐area test site (OATS)Figure 7.14 Typical anechoic chamberFigure 7.15 An example of an anechoic chamberFigure 7.16 Automatic antenna measurement system setup (Diamond Engineering)...Figure 7.17 An example of CATR/PWG with feed, reflector, and QZFigure 7.18 An example of millimeter wave plane wave generator for device wi...Figure 7.19 Near‐field scanning geometries. (a) Planar scanner. (b) Cylindri...Figure 7.20 Different mechanical implementation of a spherical near‐field an...Figure 7.21 A multi‐probe‐based spherical near‐field measurement MVG system...Figure 7.22 Typical reverberation chamberFigure 7.23 Measured reflection coefficient S11 of a UWB antenna with and wi...Figure 7.24 Results comparison of a dual‐band antenna measured in an office ...Figure 7.25 A dual‐band mobile antenna with its package caseFigure 7.26 The measure S11 (in dB) with (solid line) and without (dashed li...Figure 7.27 Phase variation across an antenna apertureFigure 7.28 Fields from a radiating antenna. (Image provided by Nearfield Sy...Figure 7.29 Equivalent circuit of Wheeler cap method for antenna efficiency ...Figure 7.30 Measured efficiency of a UWB antenna using the SSC methodFigure 7.31 A microstrip feed line and a PIFA antennaFigure 7.32 CDF plot of both branches/antennas and the combined signal, theo...Figure 7.33 Multi‐probe MIMO OTA testing method and an example MVG systemFigure 7.34 Two‐stage MIMO OTA testing method.Figure 7.35 Throughput performance of 7 DUTs using multi‐cluster Uma channel...Figure 7.36 Electronic scanning for elevation sampling and AUT rotation for ...Figure 7.37 Example of probe array systems: SL50GHzFigure 7.38 Wireless device under test working at 24 GHz.Figure 7.39 Simulated (left) and reconstructed (right) EQC from measured dat...Figure 7.40 Measured (from reconstructed EQCs) and simulated spatial‐average...Figure 7.41 Application of probe array systems to automotive testing
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 A sphere that just encloses the antennaFigure 8.2 Series resonant antenna fed by a resistive sourceFigure 8.3 The fundamental limits of antenna size, Q factor (bandwidth), and...Figure 8.4 A double‐tuned series‐parallel resonant circuitFigure 8.5 Series resonant circuit with parallel double‐tuning (solid line i...Figure 8.6 Series resonant circuit with different levels of parallel double‐...Figure 8.7 Variation of bandwidth improvement factors FDT and F∞Figure 8.8 Height reduction via top‐loadingFigure 8.9 Current distribution of a top‐loaded “T” antennaFigure 8.10 Linear antenna with elemental currentsFigure 8.11 “T” on the Titanic.Figure 8.12 Antenna size reduction using impedance matchingFigure 8.13 Radiation from meandered structuresFigure 8.14 Reactive loading of planar antennasFigure 8.15 Meandered, dielectric loaded monopole antenna for dual‐band mobi...Figure 8.16 A half‐wave GPS patch antenna mounted on a finite ground planeFigure 8.17 Measured efficiency of GPS patch antennas of the dimensions indi...Figure 8.18 An early mobile transceiver: the antenna is incorporated into th...Figure 8.19 A personal collection of selected mobile devices from 1996 to 20...Figure 8.20 Classical mobile phone types: “bar,” “flip,” and “slider”Figure 8.21 Basic antenna and PCB arrangementsFigure 8.22 Quarter‐wave monopole over a ground planeFigure 8.23 A helix antenna assembly (shown as a “wire grid model” as displa...Figure 8.24 Relationship between helix dimensionsFigure 8.25 Evolution of a PIFA from a monopole antennaFigure 8.26 Evolution of a PIFA from a half‐wave patch antennaFigure 8.27 A generalized mobile antenna and hardware configuration for smar...Figure 8.28 An example of smartphone antennas.Figure 8.29 A metal rim loop antenna with simulated and measured results. (a...Figure 8.30 A printed NFC antenna inside a smartphone.Figure 8.31 A triple‐band Wi‐Fi antenna for smartphones and its performance....Figure 8.32 PIFA and generic monopole geometries. (a) PIFA (b) monopoleFigure 8.33 Flat phantomFigure 8.34 SAR in W/kg of a typical conventional PIFA (power normalized to ...Figure 8.35 SAR in W/kg of a typical triangular monopole (power normalized t...Figure 8.36 Simulated SAR values and SAR distribution on a head phantom usin...Figure 8.37 Typical macro‐cellular multipath scattering scenarioFigure 8.38 The addition of multipath vectorsFigure 8.39 Angle of arrival PDF for an urban macro‐cell co‐polarized with t...Figure 8.40 Combination of two uncorrelated signalsFigure 8.41 Diversity gains of SC, EGC, and MRC with 2 equal power branches ...Figure 8.42 Diversity gains of MRC and SC with number of branches (1–12 bran...Figure 8.43 Mean SNR of different combining methods with the number of branc...Figure 8.44 The effect of branch correlationFigure 8.45 The effect of branch SNR differencesFigure 8.46 Diversity antennas in a DECT base‐stationFigure 8.47 Diversity antennas in a DECT handsetFigure 8.48 Permittivity of brain matter with frequencyFigure 8.49 Loss tangent of brain matter with frequencyFigure 8.50 Skin depth of brain matter with frequencyFigure 8.51 Typical match efficiency with users in and around the GSM 900 MH...Figure 8.52 Orientation of users with respect to the chamber coordinate syst...Figure 8.53 User‐averaged radiation pattern of “flip” at 1800 MHz. Radiation...Figure 8.54 User‐averaged radiation pattern of “PIFA‐1” at 1800 MHz. Radiati...Figure 8.55 Effects of components and hands on total efficiency of the anten...Figure 8.56 7‐cell cellular