medical and industrial, civilian and military accidents have occurred with abandoned irradiators [AMI 18, AMI 19].
Some industrial activities, such as chemical treatment related to the production of rare earths or the manufacture of phosphate fertilizers, lead to the concentration of natural radioactivity in a residue that becomes radioactive waste. This is particularly the case for the Rhodia plant in La Rochelle (Charente Maritime).
Many radioactive sources in sealed form are used in medicine to treat cancer (brachytherapy). They are used in industry to radiograph welds to test their integrity, to measure the water content of soil and for many other applications. They are also used in research or medicine to establish diagnoses (scintigraphy) or to treat certain cancers (thyroid) as radioactive tracers, in liquid form. The quantity of waste generated is small, but there are more than a thousand users scattered over the French territory [AMI 13].
1.4.6. Nuclear waste related to the dismantling of nuclear installations
The CEA monograph [CEA 17] details the various processes for treating materials resulting from dismantling. During the clean-up and dismantling of a nuclear installation, the various treatments generate a wide variety of wastes, organic wastes, graphite wastes, magnesian wastes and very special wastes such as mercury wastes. High-level waste in sludge or powder form and tritiated waste are also produced.
The volumes of solid radioactive waste generated during the decommissioning of the various nuclear fuel cycle facilities are very variable, with a clear preponderance from the deconstruction of nuclear power reactors (Table 1.10).
Table 1.10. Quantities of radioactive waste generated during the decommissioning of various nuclear fuel cycle facilities (source: [OJO 14])
| Step | Type of waste | Quantity (m3.GW-1.yr-1) |
| UF6 conversion | Solid | 0.5–1 |
| UF6 enrichment | Solid | 5 |
| UO2 manufacturing | Solid | 1–2 |
| Reactor | Solid | 375 |
| Reprocessing | Solid | 5 |
Ojovan and Lee [OJO 14] quantify these various categories of waste from the dismantling of a nuclear power reactor (Table 1.11).
Table 1.11. Typical waste during reactor shutdown (source: [OJO 14])
| Step | Type of waste | Quantity (m3.GW-1.yr-1) |
| Miscellaneous (scrap metal) | Solid | 15 |
| Sludge | Solid | 0.02 |
| Effluents with tritium | Liquids | 70 |
| HLW | Liquids | 28 |
| ILW | Liquids | 25 |
| LLW | Liquids | 15 |
| LLW | Solid | 65 |
1.4.7. Waste from nuclear accidents
The NEA Expert Group on Fukushima Waste Management and Decommissioning Research and Development (EGFWMD) was established in 2014 to advise Japanese authorities on the management of large quantities of on-site waste with complex properties and to share their experiences with the international community [NEA 16a].
1.5. The global radioactive waste balance
Radioactive waste inventory data are an important element in the development of a national radioactive waste management program because they affect the design and selection of final disposal methods.
The inventory data are generally presented as quantities of radioactive waste in different waste classes, according to the waste classification system developed and adopted by the country or national program in question.
The diversity of classification systems among countries has limited the comparability of waste inventories and made it difficult to interpret waste management practices, both nationally and internationally. To help improve this situation, the Nuclear Energy Agency has developed a methodology that ensures consistency in national radioactive waste and spent fuel inventory data when submitted. This report is a follow-up to the 2016 report [NEA 16b] that presented the methodology and layout for spent fuel submission. It now extends this methodology and layout to all types of radioactive waste and the corresponding management strategies [NEA 17d].
National radioactive waste management programs require very large amounts of data and information across multiple and disparate disciplines. These programs tend to span a period of several decades, resulting in a serious risk of data and information loss, which in turn can threaten the production and maintenance of robust safety records. The NEA has taken the lead in creating a Radioactive Waste Repository Metadata Management (RepMet) project [NEA 18a].
In 2011, Ojovan and Lee [OJO 14] estimated 68.106 m3 of waste stored and 76,106 m3 of waste disposed (Table 1.12).
At the end of 2013, the quantities of spent fuel discharged from nuclear reactors amounted to 367,600 metric tons, of which about half was stored in wet form, one-third needed to be reprocessed, and the rest was stored in dry form [IAE 18a] (Table 1.13).
Table 1.12. Global estimate of the global radioactive waste inventory in 2011 (source: [OJO 14])
| Waste category | Stored waste (m3) | Disposed waste (m3) |
| VLLW | 153.103 | 113.103 |
| LLW | 56,663.103 | 64,792.103 |
| ILW | 8,723.103 | 10,587.103 |
| HLW |
2,743.103
|