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ADDITIONAL READINGS
1 Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
2 Bauman, Zygmunt. 2000. Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
3 Bauman, Zygmunt. 2011. Culture in a Liquid Modern World. Malden, MA and Cambridge: Polity Press.
4 Bauman, Zygmunt, and Leonidas Donskis. 2016. Liquid Evil. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
5 Castells, Manuel. 2009. The Rise of the Network Society, 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
6 Collins, Patricia Hill, and Sirma Bilge. 2016. Intersectionality. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
7 Davis, Mark, ed. 2016. Liquid Sociology: Metaphor in Zygmunt Bauman’s Analysis of Modernity. New York: Routledge.
8 Helpman, Elhanan. 2018. Globalization and Inequality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
9 Jones, Reece, and Corey Johnson, eds. 2016. Placing the Border in Everyday Life. New York: Routledge.
10 Kershaw, Ian. 2019. The Global Age: Europe 1950–2017. New York: Viking Press.
11 Lechner, Frank, and John Boli. 2019. The Globalization Reader, 6th ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
12 Ritzer, George, ed. 2007. Blackwell Companion to Globalization. Oxford: Blackwell.
13 Ritzer, George, ed. 2012. Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
14 Ritzer, George, and Paul Dean. 2019. Globalization: The Essentials, 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
NOTES
1 1 The French call this mondialization. See, for example, Ortiz (2006). However, as is clear from his book’s title, Jean-Luc Nancy (2007) distinguishes between mondialization, defined as the open creation of the world, and globalization which is seen as a more closed and integrated process.
2 2 The term “social” here and elsewhere in his book is used very broadly to encompass social process in various sectors – political, economic, social, etc.
3 3 It should be noted that while the concept of globalization, if not this particular definition, is now very familiar to all of us, it is actually of very recent vintage. Chanda (2007: 246) reviewed an electronic database that archives 8,000 sources throughout the world (newspapers, magazines, reports). He does not find a reference to globalization until 1979 and then only in an obscure European administrative document. By 1981 there are still only two mentions of the term globalization, but then such references take off reaching over 57,000 in 2001. Interestingly the number drops off after that, but subsequently rose once again.
4 4 This definition requires several amplifications or clarifications. First, the idea that globalization is planetary is derived from Scholte (2005). Second, while globalization is planetary, little traverses the entire planet. The latter is the outer limit of globalization, but it is rarely approached. Third, the definition as a whole seems to imply a “grand narrative” of increasing globalization, but it is recognized that globalization occurred on a far more limited scale at earlier points in history (see Chapter 2) and that the changes described here are often uneven and that in some cases (e.g. in the case of immigrants, see below) there was greater liquidity, things flowed more easily, in earlier epochs. Fourth, it should be pointed out that not all of the phenomena mentioned in this definition are equally liquid or flow to the same degree. Clearly, communication is the most liquid and flows the most easily; places and people are far less liquid and their flow is much more limited. However, places are much more likely now than in the past to flow around the world as represented by the global presence of many fast food restaurants and other chains. In some senses, people (e.g. as immigrants) moved more easily in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century when nation-states had far fewer restrictions on immigration than they do today (but those restrictions have increased greatly recently). However, overall people today are more liquid and flow