9.3. Can all living beings be cryopreserved? 9.4. Current applications 9.5. Current composition of the bank 9.6. Perspectives 9.7. References
15 10 Herbaria, the Last Resort for Extinct Plant Species 10.1. Context and objectives 10.2. Proposed approach and protocol 10.3. First results 10.4. Discussion and conclusion 10.5. Acknowledgments 10.6. References
16 11 Ocean Cores, Climate Archives 11.1. Introduction 11.2. The MNHN’s oceanic collection 11.3. Development of core drilling techniques 11.4. Ocean cores: archives of past climate variability 11.5. Climate proxies 11.6. Analytical techniques 11.7. Conclusion 11.8. References
17 12 Clarifying the Radiocarbon Calibration Curve for Ancient Egypt: The Wager of Herbaria 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Carbon-14 (14C) dating and Egyptian chronology 12.3. Specificities of the Egyptian landscape and the objective of the project 12.4. The flora of Egypt in the MNHN Herbarium 12.5. Analytical and statistical challenges 12.6. Conclusion 12.7. References
18 13 Herbaria, a Window into the Evolutionary History of Crop Pathogens 13.1. Epidemics, emergences and re-emergences 13.2. Development of agriculture, domestication of cultivated plants and their diseases 13.3. Molecular biology and genomics as a tool for studying phytopathogenic micro-organisms 13.4. Contributions of the herbarium samples 13.5. How to explore a herbarium 13.6. Characteristics of old nucleic acids and their treatment 13.7. Xanthomonas citri pv. citri and its emergence in the Indian Ocean 13.8. Emergence and evolutionary history of plant pathogenic viruses: the geminivirus model 13.9. Discussion 13.10. Acknowledgments and funding 13.11. References
19 14 The Yellow-Legged Asian Hornet: Prediction of the Risk of Invasion and the Study of its Color Variations 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Vespa velutina: some elements of taxonomy and biology 14.3. Sampling of specimens 14.4. The origin of invasive lineages of V. velutina in France and Korea 14.5. Expansion risks in Europe and worldwide 14.6. Origin of color and shape variations 14.7. Conclusion 14.8. References
20 15 Exploring Temporal Changes in the Composition of Macroalgal Communities by Using Collections 15.1. On the constitution of macroalgal collections 15.2. Exploring temporal changes in species distribution 15.3. Exploring temporal changes in community composition 15.4. Conclusion: sampling and analysis strategies for the future 15.5. References
21 16 Herbaria, Witnesses of the Stakes of Biodiversity Conservation and the Impacts of Global Changes 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Evaluation of the floristic richness and conservation issues of territories 16.3. Studies of introduction pathways and colonization of invasive exotic plants and pathogens 16.4. Analysis of the impact of pollution and changes in air quality 16.5. Study of phenological changes in flora as a result of climate change 16.6. Conclusion 16.7. References
22 17 Digital Photography In Natura in Zoology: More Biology in Natural History Collections? 17.1. Images and collections... for comparative