Acknowledgments 8.8. References
9 Index
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1. Additive manufacturing process (Tofail 2018). For a color version of...Figure 1.2. Additive manufacturing procedure. For a color version of this figure...Figure 1.3. Laser beam melting technology (Anderl 2014). For a color version of ...Figure 1.4. Electron beam melting (Mandil, 2016). For a color version of this fi...Figure 1.5. Selective laser melting (Mumtaz 2008). For a color version of this f...Figure 1.6. Direct metal laser sintering process (Marrey 2019). For a color vers...Figure 1.7. Laser metal fusion method (Peyre 2008). For a color version of this ...Figure 1.8. Direct metal deposition process (Mohamed 2017). For a color version ...Figure 1.9. Aerospace components fabricated through AM (Hiemenz 2014)
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. Tool-work arrangements in hobbingFigure 2.2. An automobile gearbox in which a plastic gear is used as the gear an...Figure 2.3. Injection molding setup for fabrication of polymer spur gears (Sarda...Figure 2.4. Fabricated composite spur gears: (A) 100% polypropylene (PP) and (B)...Figure 2.5. Types of additive manufacturing of polymer gearsFigure 2.6. Basic process of hot embossing to manufacture polymer gears
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Two ways of controlled polymerization of CPs (Verheyen et al. 2017)Figure 3.2a. Polymers produced by linear step-growth polymerization (Hallenslebe...Figure 3.2b. Polymers produced by nonlinear step-growth polymerization (Hallensl...Figure 3.3. Detailed classification of fiber reinforcement used in polymer compo...Figure 3.4. (a) Effect of percentage addition of Ce on UTS & YTS. (b) Effect of ...Figure 3.5. Process description of FSW (Huang et al. 2018b). For a color version...Figure 3.6. Process route of conventional resistance welding of metal and FRP co...Figure 3.7. Self-piercing rivet (SPR) technique (Kang et al. 2016). For a color ...Figure 3.8. Plastic/polymer composites used in cars (https://blog.americanchemis...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Fabrication approach (3)Figure 4.2. Flow diagram for fabrication of sisal fiber-reinforced unsaturated p...Figure 4.3. Preparation of unsaturated polyester resin (general purpose resin) a...Figure 4.4. Alkali treatment of sisal fiber protocolFigure 4.5. Weight measurement of sodium hydroxide using an analytical precision...Figure 4.6. Mixing sodium hydroxide with distilled water. For a color version of...Figure 4.7. Sisal fibers immersed in sodium hydroxide solution. For a color vers...Figure 4.8. (a) Washing process; (b) after washing the sisal fibers. For a color...Figure 4.9. Local weaving (loom) equipment. For a color version of this figure, ...Figure 4.10. Arranging the fiber using weaving (loom) equipment. For a color ver...Figure 4.11. Fiber orientation: (a) 0°, (b) (0°,90°), (c) ±45°. For a color vers...Figure 4.12. Weight measurement of (a) 0° and (b) (0,90)° fiber orientation. For...Figure 4.13. (a) Pouring resin; (b) pouring hardener. For a color version of thi...Figure 4.14. (a) Wax/gel; (b) mold. For a color version of this figure, see www....Figure 4.15. (a) Hand lay-up using a normal brush; (b) hand lay-up using a rolle...Figure 4.16. Molding under compression. For a color version of this figure, see ...Figure 4.17. Test specimen dimensions: (a) tensile test specimen, (b) compressio...Figure 4.18(a). T1 (47.8 mm × 17.85 mm × 4 mm) – 0° fiber orientation (Tstr = 93...Figure 4.18(b). T2 (57 mm × 21.15 mm × 4 mm) – O0 fiber orientation (Tstr = 111 ...Figure 4.18(c). (a–c). 0 (zero) degree tensile strength test. For a color versio...Figure 4.19(a). T1(55 mm × 20 mm × 4 mm) – (0,90)° fiber orientation (Tstr = 107...Figure 4.19(b). T2 (60 mm × 21.3 × 4 mm) – (0,90)° fiber orientation (Tstr = 87 ...Figure 4.19(c). T3 (60 mm × 20 mm × 4 mm) – (0,90)° fiber orientation (Tstr = 10...Figure 4.20(a). T1 (60 mm × 20.5 mm × 4 mm) ± 45° fiber orientation (Tstr = 39 M...Figure 4.20(b). T2 (60 mm × 20.5 mm × 4 mm) ± 45° fiber orientation (Tstr = 35 M...Figure 4.21(a). C1 (155 mm × 30 mm × 4 mm) 0 (zero) degree fiber orientation (Cs...Figure 4.21(b). C2 (155 mm × 30 mm × 4 mm) 0 (zero) degree fiber orientation (Cs...Figure 4.21(c). C3 (155 mm × 30 mm × 4 mm) 0 (zero) degree fiber orientation (Cs...Figure 4.22(a). C1 (155 mm × 30 mm × 4 mm) (0,90) degree fiber orientation (Cstr...Figure 4.22(b). C2 (155 mm × 30 mm × 4 mm) (0,90) degree fiber orientation (Cstr...Figure 4.22(c). C3 (155 mm × 30 mm × 4 mm) (0,90) degree fiber orientation (Cstr...Figure 4.23.Variation of tensile strength with fiber orientation For a color ver...Figure 4.24. Variation of average tensile strength with fiber orientation. For a...Figure 4.25. Young’s modulus of elasticity with different fiber orientations. Fo...Figure 4.26. Average Young’s modulus with different fiber orientations. For a co...Figure 4.27. Average flexural strength with different fiber orientation. For a c...Figure 4.28. Compressive strength with different fiber orientations. For a color...Figure 4.29. Average compressive stress with different fiber orientations. For a...Figure 4.30. Analytical precision balance machine. For a color version of this f...Figure 4.31. Average weight of dry samples with different fiber orientations. Fo...Figure 4.32. Average weight of dry samples. For a color version of this figure, ...Figure 4.33. Water absorption of different samples. For a color version of this ...Figure 4.34. Drafted model of fender using CATIA software: (a) all dimension in ...Figure 4.35. Prototype of fender. For a color version of this figure, see www.is...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. Schematic illustration of preprocessing of polystyrene. For a color ...Figure 5.2. Shredded waste polystyrene with its recycling code 6. For a colorver...Figure 5.3. a) Raw SiO2-MgO and b) 950°C calcined silica-magnesium catalyst. For...Figure 5.4. Experimental setup of the pyrolysis process. (a – SS bench-scale pyr...Figure 5.5. Thermal degradation of polystyrene obtained from TGA analysis at 10°...Figure 5.6. Scanning of raw SiO2-MgO material with 5 μm magnificationsFigure 5.7. Scanning of 950°C calcinated silica-magnesium catalyst with 5 μm mag...Figure 5.8. EDS spectrum of raw SiO2-MgO. For a color version of this figure, se...Figure 5.9. EDS spectrum of 950°C calcinated silica-magnesium catalyst. For a co...Figure 5.10. Comparison plot between experimental and predicted data. For a colo...Figure 5.11. Surface plot interaction between C:F and temperature on yield respo...Figure 5.12. Surface plot interaction between C:F and time on yield response (Y)...Figure 5.13. Surface plot interaction between the temperature and the time on th...Figure 5.14. Contour plot interaction between the C:F ratio and the temperature ...Figure 5.15. Contour plot interaction between the C:F ratio and time on the yiel...Figure 5.16. Contour plot interaction between the temperature and time on the yi...Figure 5.17. FTIR analysis of silica-magnesium cracking of polystyrene. For a co...Figure 5.18. GC-MS analysis of silica-magnesium cracking of polystyrene. For a c...Figure 5.19. Effect of C:F ratio on silica-magnesium cracking of polystyrene. Fo...Figure 5.20. Effect of the temperature on silica-magnesium cracking of polystyre...Figure 5.21. Effect of time on silica-magnesium cracking of polystyrene. For a c...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1. Representation of Kaplan’s keyhole modelFigure 6.2. Geometry of the model. For a color version of this figure, see www.i...Figure 6.3. Meshing of the model. For a color version of this figure, see www.is...Figure 6.4. Gaussian power distribution. For a color version of this figure, see...Figure 6.5. Temperature distributions for various models. For a color versionof ...Figure 6.6. Comparison of residual stresses in the keyhole model. For a color ve...Figure