passim, with extensive commented bibliographies. See also Trexler 1980: xix, and on ‘Roman festivals and rituals’ Hopkins (1991) 2018: 319–326; Salzman 2013; Ziolkowski 2013 and the relevant contributions in Rasmus Brandt and Iddeng, eds. 2012. The fundamental importance of a ‘consensus’ – if only in the shape of a ‘fiction’ or ‘façade’ – is emphasised by Stollberg-Rilinger 2001: 22–23; see Hunt 2004 [1984]: 14–15, 213–215 on the analysis of ‘symbolic sources of unity’ and ‘social sources of coherence’ as central theme of a political-cultural approach; see also Hölkeskamp 2010: 44–45, 98–99, 133–135.
20 20 See for the fundamental importance of hierarchy, authority and power, not only with respect to familia and domus, Saller 1994: Chapters 5 and 6, and the important book by Flaig 2003; Harris 2010; 2016 : chapters 1–3 and 8; Brennan 2014.
21 21 See Hölkeskamp 2011b [1987] and Beck 2005.
22 22 Muir 1981: 183, 185–211, cf. 7; 1997: 229–268 and now Hölkeskamp 2014: 369–384.
23 23 See the introduction and other contributions in Bergmann and Kondoleon 1999; Gruen 1996: 220–225; Flaig 2003; Bell 2004; Sumi 2005: 1–46; Hölkeskamp 2017b [2006]: 189–198 and passim; 2010: 55–61; Coleman 2010; Flower 2014a.
24 24 See on the Roman Republic as ‘theatre of power’, Hölkeskamp 2011a.
25 25 Sharpe 1999: 854; cf. Bell 2004: 7–23 and passim.
26 26 See Flower 1996 and 2014a: 389–392; Flaig 2003: 49–74; Hölkeskamp 2017b [2008]: 218–221, 227–229, with further references. See on the Forum Romanum and its complex functions as civic space now Muth 2014.
27 27 See Flower 2014a: 382–389; Hölkeskamp 2017a [2006]: 209–218, 224–227, with further references; Östenberg 2009.
28 28 ‘Little, or much, of what we see, we do/We’re all both actors and spectators too’: quoted after Schanzer 1968: 51.
29 29 See Hölkeskamp 2017a [2006]: 222–224, 230–236, with references; Latham 2016; Salzman 2013.
30 30 See the ‘thick description’ by Morstein-Marx 2004: chapters 1, 2 and passim; Hölkeskamp 2004a [1995]: 234–242; Bell 1997: 2–3 and passim; Pina Polo 1989; 1996; and 2012, and the contributions in four edited books: Smith and Covino, eds. 2011; Steel and Van der Blom, eds. 2013; Gray, Balbo, Marshall and Steel, eds. 2018; and Van der Blom, Gray, Steel, eds. 2018; as well as Van der Blom 2016: 33–38; and Mouritsen 2017; 61–67, 72–94, all with further references.
31 31 Jehne 2006: 20–23; cf. 2003; Flaig 2003: 168–174, and Hopkins 2018 [1991]: 330–336; Mouritsen 2017: 67–72.
32 32 See Hölkeskamp 2004a [1995]: 219–234; Bücher 2006; David 2006; Morstein-Marx 2004: chapters 1–3; Van der Blom 2016.
33 33 See Hölkeskamp 2017b [2008]; Harris 2010; 2016: chapters 2–3.
34 34 Hölscher 1998: 69–76; 2003: 164, 184–190; Hölkeskamp 2004b [2001]; 2010: 72–74, 135; 2017b [2008]: 189–209; and 2017e: 472–480; see also Beck 2009: 506–508.
FURTHER READING
The concept of political culture, its meaning and content as well as the explanatory potential of political-cultural approaches, is complex and multidimensional – a selection of relevant publications on particular aspects are mentioned in the notes. The best introductions to the historiography of the Roman Republic in the last century – including well balanced chapters on recent trends and topics – are Jehne 2006 and Morstein-Marx 2009. My own contributions – especially Hölkeskamp 2010 and 2020b as well as the comprehensive treatment of culturalist approaches to (Roman) politics in German (Hölkeskamp 2017a [2006]; 2009 and 2017c [2009]; 2014; 2017e; 2019a and b) – provide detailed and extensively documented analyses of old and new positions, methodological problems and concrete perspectives since the 1960s. Modern introductions to the Republican constitution and political life include Lintott 1999; Patterson 2000; North 2006 and Mouritsen 2017. The broad range of civic rituals in the shape of festivals and other spectacles is covered by the contributions in Bergmann and Kondoleon eds. 1999 and in Rasmus Brandt and Iddeng eds. 2012. The two Companions to the Republic, namely Rosenstein and Morstein-Marx eds. 2006, and Flower ed. 2014b offer surveys on a broad range of specific topics mentioned in the text; Barchiesi and Scheidel eds. 2010, Peachin ed. 2011 and Erdkamp ed. 2013 also include contributions on a variety of cultural as well as social aspects.
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