Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications. Группа авторов

TAG 100 100 [34] 9. SO₃H-glycerol-carbon Glycerol Acetylation Acetic acid TAG 100 100 [40] 10. [PrSO₃HN] [SO₃CF₃]/C Glucose Esterification Acetic acid Lauric acid TAG, MLG and DLG – – [32] 11. GBCC Crude glycerol Esterification Acetic acid DAG + TAG 99 88 [39] 12. Sulfonated carbon Catkins from willow Esterification Acetic acid DAG 98.4 54.5 [38] 13. CX Glucose Acetylation Acetic acid DA + TA 97 75 [26] 14. Sulfonated Peanut Shell Peanut shell, Etherification Isobutylene DTBGs + TTBG 100 92.1 [51] 15. SCC-S Agroindustrial Wastes Etherification TBA DTBG + TTBG 80 21.3 [54] 16. Sulfonated carbon Sugar Etherification tert-butanol Mono and di-glyceryl – – [33] 17. BCC-SF Coffee ground wastes Etherification TBA MTBG – 42 [53] 18. Au/AC Activated carbon Oxidation – DIHA 72 18 [47] 19. Au/MWCNT Multi-walled carbon nanotubes Oxidation – DIHA 93 60 [47] 20. 10%Pd/C Activated carbon Oxidation – Lactic acid 99 68 [48] 21. 5% Pt/C Activated carbon Oxidation – Lactic acid 99 74 [48] 22. 0.5%Cu–1.0% Pt/AC Activated carbon Oxidation – Lactic acid 80 69.3 [49] 23. Pt/AC Activated carbon Oxidation – Lactic acid 100 69.3 [50] 24. 10%HSiW/AC Activated carbon dehydration – Acrolein 92.6 75.1 [56]

Scheme 4.4 Steps for the formation of TAG using SO₃H-C derived from glycerol [30].

      Malaika and co-workers have prepared SO₃H-modified carbon xerogels and spheres using glucose as a carbon source. These catalysts were explored for acetylation of glycerol and the optimum catalyst shows 75% selectivity for both diacetin (DA) and triacetin (TA), and almost complete glycerol conversion (About 97%). The results are comparable with commercially available ion exchange resin (Amberlyst 15) [26].

      Ellis and coworkers have investigated the use of sulfonated carbon catalysts for transesterification and esterification reactions of glycerol. The active catalyst was synthesized by pyrolysis and sulfonation of the sugar char in a tube furnace. The reaction of glycerol with tert-butanol over sulfonated carbon leads to the formation of mono-glyceryl ethers isomers and di-glyceryl ether isomers [33].

      Khayoon et al. have explored the potential of sulfated activated carbon catalysts (AC-SA5) for the transformation of glycerol into oxygenated fuel additives by glycerol acetylation. The AC-SA5 was prepared by functionalization of activated carbon with sulfuric acid by hydrothermal method. The catalyst shows 92% of the glycerol conversion into mono, di, and triacetyl glyceride