Diagnosis of PAD IV. Medical therapy of PAD V. Revascularization for PAD VI. Notes on the technical aspects of surgical and percutaneous therapies VII. Management of acute limb ischemia VIII. Management of lower extremity ulcers (Table 19.6) 2. CAROTID DISEASE I. Assessment of carotid stenosis II. Medical therapy of carotid stenosis III. Revascularization of asymptomatic carotid stenosis IV. Revascularization of symptomatic carotid stenosis V. Main risks of CEA and carotid stenting VI. CEA versus carotid stenting VII. Carotid disease in a patient undergoing CABG VIII. Subtotal and total carotid occlusions 3. RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS I. Forms of renal artery stenosis II. Screening and indications to revascularize renal artery stenosis III. Notes QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS References 20 Aortic Diseases I. Aortic dissection II. Thoracic aortic aneurysm III. Abdominal aortic aneurysm References
16 Part 9: OTHER CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE STATES 21 Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Vein Thrombosis 1. PULMONARY EMBOLISM I. Presentation of pulmonary embolism (PE) and risk factors II. Probability of PE III. Initial workup IV. Specific PE workup V. Submassive or intermediate-high risk PE, pulmonary hypertension, and thrombolysis VI. PE and chronic pulmonary hypertension VII. Acute treatment of PE VIII. Duration of anticoagulation IX. Thrombophilias X. PE prognosis and long-term follow-up 2. DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS I. Types II. Diagnosis III. Treatment 3. IMMUNE HEPARIN-INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA I. Incidence II. Diagnosis III. Treatment QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS References 22 Shock and Fluid Responsiveness 1. SHOCK I. Shock definition and mechanisms II. Goals of shock treatment III. Immediate management of any shock IV. Sepsis and septic shock V. Cardiogenic shock 2. FLUID RESPONSIVENESS Appendix. Hemodynamic equations, transfusion, and miscellaneous concepts QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS References Note 23 Hypertension 1. HYPERTENSION I. Definition II. ACC and ESC targets of therapy and rationale III. Treatment of hypertension: timing, first-line drugs, compelling indications for specific drugs IV. Resistant hypertension V. Secondary hypertension VI. Peripheral vs. central aortic pressure: therapeutic implications VII. First-line antihypertensive drugs VIII. Second-line antihypertensive drugs IX. Orthostatic hypotension and extremely labile HTN 2. ACUTE SEVERE HYPERTENSION: HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCIES AND URGENCIES I. Definitions II. Treatment of hypertensive emergencies III. Treatment of hypertensive urgencies IV. Specific situations (see Table 23.5) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS References 24 Dyslipidemia I.