MASSES I. Differential diagnosis of a cardiac mass II. Cardiac tumors; focus on atrial myxoma 2. PREGNANCY AND HEART DISEASE I. High-risk cardiac conditions during which pregnancy is better avoided 9 II. Cardiac conditions that are usually well tolerated during pregnancy, but in which careful cardiac evaluation and clinical and echo follow-up are warranted 9 III. Cardiac indications for cesarean section IV. Mechanical prosthetic valves in pregnancy: anticoagulation management V. Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) VI. Cardiovascular drugs during pregnancy (see Table 30.2) VII. Arrhythmias during pregnancy VIII. MI and pregnancy IX. Hypertension and pregnancy 3. HIV AND HEART DISEASE I. Pericardial disease II. HIV cardiomyopathy III. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) IV. CAD 4. COCAINE AND THE HEART I. Myocardial ischemia II. Other cardiac complications of cocaine 5. CHEMOTHERAPY AND HEART DISEASE I. Cardiomyopathy II. Myocardial ischemia III. Atrial fibrillation 6. CHEST X-RAY I. Chest X-ray in heart failure (see Figures 30.2, 30.3) II. Various forms of cardiomegaly (see Figure 30.4) III. Left atrial enlargement; aortic dilatation IV. Lateral chest X-ray V. Chest X-ray in congenital heart disease QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS References
17 Part 10: CARDIAC TESTS: ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY, ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, AND STRESS TESTING 31 Electrocardiography I. Overview of ECG leads and QRS morphology II. Stepwise approach to ECG interpretation III. Rhythm and rate IV. QRS axis in the limb leads and normal QRS progression in the precordial leads V. P wave: analyze P wave in leads II and V1 for atrial enlargement, and analyze PR interval (see Figures 31.18, 31.19) VI. Height of QRS: LVH, RVH VII. Width of QRS. Conduction abnormalities: bundle brunch blocks VIII. Conduction abnormalities: fascicular blocks IX. Low QRS voltage and electrical alternans X. Assessment of ischemia and infarction: Q waves XI. Assessment of ischemia: ST-segment depression and T-wave inversion XII. Assessment of ischemia: differential diagnosis of ST-segment elevation XIII. Assessment of ischemia: large or tall T wave XIV. QT analysis and U wave XV. Electrolyte abnormalities, digitalis effect and digitalis toxicity, hypothermia, PE, poor precordial R-wave progression XVI. Approach to tachyarrhythmias XVII. Approach to bradyarrhythmias: AV block XVIII. Abnormal automatic rhythms that are not tachycardic XIX. Electrode misplacement Appendix 1. Supplement on STEMI and Q‐wave MI: phases and localization Appendix 2. Spread of electrical depolarization in various disease states using vector illustration ( Figures 31.100 – 31.103 ) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS References Further reading 32 Echocardiography 1. GENERAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY I. The five major echocardiographic views and the myocardial wall segments II. Global echo assessment of cardiac function and structure III. Doppler and assessment of valvular regurgitation and stenosis IV. Summary of features characterizing severe valvular regurgitation and stenosis (see Tables 32.1, 32.2) V. M-mode echocardiography VI. Pericardial effusion VII. Echocardiographic determination of LV filling pressure and diastolic function VIII. Additional echocardiographic hemodynamics IX. Prosthetic valves X. Brief note on Doppler physics and echo artifacts 2. TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY (TEE) VIEWS Appendix.