9.15 Comparative life‐cycle cost comparison over the life of the asse...Figure 9.16 Reliability versus life‐cycle trade‐offFigure 9.17 Relative AC breakdown field strength of the SF6–N2 gas mixture...Figure 9.18 Voltage profile along a connected line to a GIS with the reflect...Figure 9.19 Oscillograph trace of the initial traveling wave portion of a VF...Figure 9.20 Typical overall VFT waveform, shown on a longer time scale. The ...Figure 9.21 Typical v–t characteristic for insulation breakdown. The dotted ...Figure 9.22 Photograph showing a portion of a flashover mark that occurred d...Figure 9.23 GIS termination modeled as a junction of three transmission line...Figure 9.24 As a result of the fast rise‐time (high‐frequency content) of th...Figure 9.25 Comprehensive life‐cycle management processFigure 9.26 Distribution of degree of importance assigned by users for failu...Figure 9.27 Total owning cost stringFigure 9.28 Examples of Natural and Human‐Caused Physical Threats, from top,...Figure 9.29 National hurricane center return predictions [4]Figure 9.30 Location of transmission substation attached by sniffer gunmen (...Figure 9.31 Elevated GIS substation conceptFigure 9.32 Asset protection basicsFigure 9.33 Threat characterization matrix for a critical transmission subst...Figure 9.34 GIS enhanced Tier 2 and Tier 3 securityFigure 9.35 Traditional AIS versus resiliency enhanced GISFigure 9.36 GIS substation, resiliency enhanced against both naturally and h...Figure 9.37 GIS substation, resiliency enhanced against both naturally and h...Figure 9.38 Electric circuit of a mobile GIS substationFigure 9.39 Mobile GIS trailerFigure 9.40 Next generation circuit breaker [6]Figure 9.41 History of vacuum interruptersFigure 9.42 Vacuum circuit breaker development steps 15 kV up to 245 kVFigure 9.43 Vacuum circuit breaker modeling left: MHD model parameters right...Figure 9.44 Modeling of the post‐arc current left: post‐arc recovery voltage...Figure 9.45 DSMC simulation of vapor expansion left: adsorption level of 300...Figure 9.46 Insufficient axial magnetic field profile at 28 kA with an unsta...Figure 9.47 Suitable axial magnetic field profile at 50 kA with a stable and...Figure 9.48 Travel curve adjustment to switching and dielectric gapFigure 9.49 X‐radiation emission of high‐voltage vacuum interruptersFigure 9.50 Vacuum switching at rated voltages up to 550 kVFigure 9.51 Vacuum interrupters Rated Voltage left: 170 kV/right: 245 kV and...Figure 9.52 GIS for 145 kV with vacuum circuit breaker and technical air ins...Figure 9.53 Principle measuring method of conventional and low power instrum...Figure 9.54 Principle measuring method of conventional and low power instrum...Figure 9.55 Principle measuring method of Rogowski CoilFigure 9.56 Principle measuring method of capacitive dividerFigure 9.57 Comparison of low voltage and conventional instrument transforme...Figure 9.58 LPIT integrated in a GIS bay and connected to digital protection...Figure 9.59 Size and weight reduction of GIS bay with low power instrument t...Figure 9.60 Overview of size reduction of three different GIS designsFigure 9.61 Footprint of a 13 bay 145 kV GIS substation with conventional CT...Figure 9.62 Footprint of a 13 bay 145 kV GIS substation with low power instr...Figure 9.63 Responsible standards: IEC 61869 for sensors and merging unit (l...Figure 9.64 Organization of the merging unit MUFigure 9.65 Overview the IEC 61869 series of standards, its scope and relati...Figure 9.66 Principles of digital twin approachFigure 9.67 Lidar scan of a possible GIS/GIL project siteFigure 9.68 Digital surface model (DSM) and digital terrain model (DTM)Figure 9.69 Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and Triangle Irregular Network (TIN)...Figure 9.70 Two electric three‐phase systems of GIL in a 3D project informat...Figure 9.71 Thermal calculation of two three‐phase electric systems of GIL d...Figure 9.72 GIL on‐site manufacturing facility with two working places to as...Figure 9.73 Real world and virtual word in a digital twin data base system...Figure 9.74 Integrated digital sensors and devices are connected to the Inte...Figure 9.75 Digital Twin Operation merging the real and virtual world – exam...Figure 9.76 Digital Twin Operation Cockpit – example overload situationFigure 9.77 Exemplary user interface of APPFigure 9.78 General Overview of APP – example digital equipment in Netherlan...Figure 9.79 Customer data, IoT device and Cloud service safeguarded by lates...Figure 9.80 Offshore windfarm and platform connections to onshore network, u...Figure 9.81 Left: Power to shore by AC/DC right: Power from shore by AC/DC...Figure 9.82 Left: Monopile type for AC collecting platform right: Jacket typ...Figure 9.83 Offshore windfarms planned at the east coast of the USA using 12...Figure 9.84 GIS modules for the offshore wind turbine of 12 MW left: front s...Figure 9.85 Modular GIS build in a steel frame for 12 MW wind turbinesFigure 9.86 Nissum Bredning wind farm close to the coast line of DenmarkFigure 9.87 Indoor conditions for the GIS in the basement of the wind tower ...Figure 9.88 Impression of Nissum Bredning wind farm close to the coast line ...Figure 9.89 GIS bay of clean air insulation and vacuum interrupter for 72.5 ...Figure 9.90 Typical circuits of GIS in offshore wind farms left: incoming an...Figure 9.91 Transportation process for GIS to be installed in offshore wind ...Figure 9.92 Installation of the transition piece including the GIS at the th...Figure 9.93 Packaging of GIS basic configuration, top: minimum protection us...Figure 9.94 Packaging system for sea transport in a container, upper photo: ...Figure 9.95 Packaging system for the collector cable installation, left: sea...Figure 9.96 Packaging system for the collector cable installation, left: thr...Figure 9.97 Dedicated repair and reseal kit for the cable‐collector installa...Figure 9.98 Overview of types for offshore windfarm connections, lower part:...Figure 9.99 Overview of AC/DC offshore converter platform using air‐insulate...Figure 9.100 Overview of AC/DC offshore converter platform using gas‐insulat...Figure 9.101 Milestones of the development of gas‐insulated DC systemsFigure 9.102 Type test set up for DC GIS of following functional units from ...Figure 9.103 Overview of the offshore windfarms with DC cable connection to ...Figure 9.104 Wind towers next to the AC/DC converter platform in the windfar...Figure 9.105 AC/DC converter platform for 700–1200 MW windfarms with long di...Figure 9.106 14 MW offshore direct drive wind turbine with 222‐meter rotor d...Figure 9.107 14 MW wind turbine rotor diameter (222 m) and swept area of win...Figure 9.108 HVDC GIS projectsFigure 9.109 Important effects for the insulation design of a HVDC GISFigure 9.110 Electric field distribution of a conical insulator shortly afte...Figure 9.111 Modules of HVDC gas‐insulated switchgear assemblies (source [30...Figure 9.112 Principal structure of a compact HVDC substation – converter po...Figure 9.113 Transition time for the insulator, depending on the location an...Figure 9.114 Examples of test arrangements for insulation system tests, comp...Figure 9.115 Example of an HVDC GIS prototype installation: ① VT: RC‐divider...Figure 9.116 Test set‐up of a prototype installation test [32, 43] (courtesy...Figure 9.117 Top and front view of converter and reactor room in offshore pl...Figure 9.118 Example of transition station layout with HVDC GIS for connecti...Figure 9.119 HVDC cable to cable transition in air‐insulated technology (HVD...Figure 9.120 Example of a cable‐cable transition station for two systems of ...Figure 9.121 Example of a cable‐cable transition station for two systems of ...Figure 9.122 Overview on the functionality of the digital Sensgear® GIS as p...Figure 9.123 Trends, challenges and opportunities of digital substationsFigure 9.124 Functional concept of a digital substationFigure 9.125 User‐Interface for the digital substations using APPsFigure 9.126 Type tests of sensors and connectivity devices for the digital ...Figure 9.127 Operational values of digitalized products: Performance increas...Figure 9.128 Maximum flexibility using basic and advanced functionality and ...
Guide