Gas Insulated Substations. Группа авторов

2.27 Comparison of the GIS serviceFigure 2.28 Single‐ and three‐phase designs of GISFigure 2.29 GIS maintenance strategiesFigure 2.30 Failure distribution on voltage levelsFigure 2.31 Indoor and outdoor GIS failure distributionFigure 2.32 GIS component failure distributionFigure 2.33 Failure numbers of GIS related to ageFigure 2.34 Comparison of the failure rates of the GIS and AISFigure 2.35 Ladders and platforms in GISFigure 2.36 Gas density monitoring indicatorFigure 2.37 UHF antenna connector for PD monitoringFigure 2.38 Compensation of thermal expansion. (a) Thermal expansion between...Figure 2.39 Direct cable connection to GIS at 110 kV and single‐phase insula...Figure 2.40 View of a typical floor inside a GIS buildingFigure 2.41 Ground/earth connection of GIS using bolts or a steel bar (Halfe...Figure 2.42 Three‐phase GIS enclosure currentsFigure 2.43 Single‐phase GIS enclosure currentsFigure 2.44 Circuit breaker and GIS bay groundingFigure 2.45 BuildingsFigure 2.46 SF6 gas‐to‐cable connectionsFigure 2.47 Steel structuresFigure 2.48 Molecular structure of sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆)Figure 2.49 Greenhouse effectFigure 2.50 Arc current of SF₆, with SF₆ gas‐to‐air gas mixture and airFigure 2.51 SF₆ sales by end use of 2003Figure 2.52 Reduction of the use of SF₆ Figure 2.53 SF₆ handling and recovering processesFigure 2.54 Reuse program of SF₆ for normal and special casesFigure 2.55 Closed loop handling symbolFigure 2.56 SF₆ purifying on‐siteFigure 2.57 SF₆ recycling to ASTM D2472 [65] new gasFigure 2.58 Reuse program – exceptional caseFigure 2.59 Incineration of SF₆ Figure 2.60 Commissioning or recommissioning of SF₆ Figure 2.61 For topping‐up of SF₆ Figure 2.62 SF₆ refilling of SF₆ Figure 2.63 Moisture content/dew point of SF₆ Figure 2.64 Measurement of SF₆ Figure 2.65 Quantity of reactive gaseous of SF₆ Figure 2.66 Sampling and shipment of SF₆ Figure 2.67 Recovery and reclaiming of nonarced and/or normally arced of SF₆ Figure 2.68 Heavily arced of SF₆ Figure 2.69 End‐of‐life disposal of SF₆ Figure 2.70 EPA Memorandum of UnderstandingFigure 2.71 Gas‐control scheme (e.g., with information about volume and pres...Figure 2.72 Training of SF₆ handlingFigure 2.73 General purpose SF₆ reclaimer of SF₆ Figure 2.74 Filter types of SF₆ Figure 2.75 Equipment for SF₆ measurement of SF₆ Figure 2.76 Sniffing device of SF₆ Figure 2.77 Density meter of SF₆ Figure 2.78 Small equipment for Evacuation, Filling and Refilling of SF₆ Figure 2.79 Large equipment for evacuation, filling and refilling of SF₆ Figure 2.80 Storage of SF₆ Figure 2.81 Gas recovery of SF₆ for a small and a large enclosureFigure 2.82 Measuring protocol of gas recovery of SF₆ Figure 2.83 Energy supply without/with SF₆ technology – city of WürzburgFigure 2.84 AIS and GIS network structuresFigure 2.85 Result of environmental impact of AIS and GIS solutionsFigure 2.86 Kyoto Protocol – change from 2008 to 2012 in comparison to 1990...Figure 2.87 145 kV SF₆ GIS with 7 baysFigure 2.88 Impression on the influence of high GWP values: 1200 beech trees...Figure 2.89 SF₆ emission rate reduced but total SF₆ capacity increasesFigure 2.90 Typical type test set up for high‐voltage test using SF₆ Figure 2.91 GIS installation with SF₆ filling on‐siteFigure 2.92 Use of SF₆ in a closed cycle for the complete life cycle of GIS ...Figure 2.93 Characteristics of different alternative gases for GISFigure 2.94 170 kV GIS air‐insulated circuit breaker in an air insulation de...