11 Tanzanite 11.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Tanzanite 11.2 Geology of Tanzanite References 12 The Garnet Group 12.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of the Garnet Group 12.2 Geology of Gem Garnet References 13 Jade: Jadeite and Nephrite 13.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Jade 13.2 Geology of Jade References 14 Quartz and Silica Gems 14.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Quartz and Silica Gem Varieties 14.2 Quartz 14.3 Amethyst 14.4 Agate 14.5 Opal References 15 Other Gems 15.1 Olivine 15.2 Turquoise 15.3 Lapis Lazuli 15.4 Zircon References 16 Organic Gems 16.1 Amber 16.2 Ammolite References
9 Index
List of Tables
1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Atomic masses and physical properties of selected elements and the...Table 1.2 Approximate abundance of dominant elements in the Earth’s crust. D...
2 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Parameters, symbols, and definitions for the anatomy of a wave.
3 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Common characteristics of colored diamonds from the perspective of...Table 5.2 Characteristics of colored diamonds from the perspective of type*...
4 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Gem varieties of beryl along with the dominant deviations from th...
5 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Generalized geochemistry of typical granite, common pegmatite, an...Table 8.2 Selected gemstones found in granitic pegmatites, sorted by rarity...Table 8.3 Commonly known gem varieties of tourmaline and their characterist...
6 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Compositions of the garnet mineral species in the pyralspite and...
7 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Common minerals in lapis lazuli.
8 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Relevant physical properties of amber (Data from Ross, 2010).
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 An atomic model of the element helium (He), with two protons, two...Figure 1.2 An atom can lose electrons and become a cation, a positively char...Figure 1.3 Periodic table of the elements with atomic numbers and chemical a...Figure 1.4 Relative abundance of the elements in the Earth's crust as compar...Figure 1.5 This crystal of corundum shows rhombohedral parting patterns and ...Figure 1.6 This cluster of bladed kyanite crystals shows brittle tenacity an...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 The Earth System. A schematic model of the Earth as a series of i...Figure 2.2 Simplified schematic of the Earth’s principal internal geological...Figure 2.3 The major tectonic plates of the Earth, their boundaries, and rel...Figure 2.4 This cross‐section illustrates the main types of plate boundaries...Figure 2.5 Schematic diagrams of (a) continental–continental convergent plat...Figure 2.6 Map and aerial view of the San Andreas Fault that cuts across the...Figure 2.7 Thickness contour map of the of the Earth's crust, developed from...Figure 2.8 Simple and generalized classification diagram for igneous rocks, ...Figure 2.9 Simple and generalized classification diagram for sedimentary roc...Figure 2.10 Simple diagram for metamorphic rocks based on changing temperatu...Figure 2.11 Simple diagram for metamorphic rock descriptions based primarily...Figure 2.12 This schematic of the Rock Cycle illustrates some of the most co...Figure 2.13 Idealized schematics of fluid flow through the Earth’s crust wit...Figure 2.14 Schematics of three fault types: reverse, normal, and strike‐sli...Figure 2.15 Schematics of three folding patterns of layered rocks. Here, the...Figure 2.16 Faulting (red dashed line) and folding (yellow dashed line) in l...Figure 2.17 Schematic diagram of diamonds hosted in kimberlite pipes that ar...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Shapes of different unit cells of crystal systems, as defined by ...Figure 3.2 The top row shows polyhedra from example minerals, the bottom row...Figure 3.3 Crystal structure of beryl visualized using polyhedra (top row) a...Figure 3.4 Anatomy and equation of a wave.Figure 3.5 The refraction