1.6 Conference Proceedings
1.6.1 Canadian Permafrost Conference
| 1981 | Proceedings of the 4th Canadian Permafrost Conference, Calgary, H.M French, Ed., National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1983. |
1.6.2 Physics and Chemistry of Ice
| 1972 | Physics and Chemistry of Ice. Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, 1973. |
| 1986 | 7th Symposium on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice, Grenoble. J. de Phys. 48 C1‐1987. |
| 1992 | Physics and Chemistry of Ice. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo. |
| 1996 | Physics and Chemistry of Ice, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA, J. Phys. Chem. B 1997; 101: Issue No. 32. |
| 2002 | 10th Conference of the Physics and Chemistry of Ice, 2002 St. Johns, Nfld., Can. J. Phys. 2003; 81: No. 1‐2. |
| 2006 | 11th Conference of the Physics and Chemistry of Ice, 2006 Bremerhaven, Germany. https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/26177/1/Wil2007b.pdf |
| 2010 | 12th International Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice (PCI‐2010), Sapporo, September 5–10, 2010 |
| 2014 | 13th International Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice (PCI‐2014), Hanover, NH, USA, 2014. J. Phys. Chem. B 2014; 118: Issue No. 47. |
| 2018 | 14th International Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice (PCI‐2018), Zürich, Switzerland, 2018. https://indico.psi.ch/event/5120/attachments/9173/11708/Book_of_Abstracts_PCI_2018.pdf |
1.6.3 International Conference on Gas Hydrates (IGCH) Proceedings
| ICGH 1 | E. D. Sloan Jr., J. Happel and M. A. Hnatow, New Paltz, NY. Natural Gas Hydrates, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., Vol. 715, 1994. |
| ICGH 2 | J. P. Montfort, Ed. Toulouse, France, 1996. |
| ICGH 3 | G. D. Holder and P. R. Bishnoi, Ed., Salt Lake City, Gas Hydrates, Challenges for the Future. Ann. NY Acad. Sci . Vol. 912, 2000. |
| ICGH 4 | Y. H. Mori, Ed., Proc. 4th ICGH Yokohama, Japan, 2002. |
| ICGH 5 | T. Austvik, Proc 5th ICGH Trondheim, Norway, 2005. http://toc.proceedings.com/05337webtoc.pdf |
| ICGH 6 | P. Englezos and J. A. Ripmeester, Proc. 6th ICGH, Vancouver, Canada, 2008. https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/59278 |
| ICGH 7 | G. K. Westbrook and B. Tohidi, Ed., Proc. 7th ICGH, Edinburgh, Scotland, 2011. http://toc.proceedings.com/28521webtoc.pdf |
| ICGH 8 | Beijing, China, 2014. |
| ICGH 9 | C. A. Koh, E. D. Sloan Jr., and T. S. Collett, Denver, Colorado, USA, 2017. https://icgh9.csmspace.com/docs/ICGH9_FinalProgram.pdf?062017 |
2 An Introduction to Clathrate Hydrates
John A. Ripmeester1 and Saman Alavi1, 2
1 National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
2 University of Ottawa, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, STEM Complex, 150 Louis‐Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
2.1 Introduction
It is just over 200 years ago in 1810 that a gas hydrate, frozen from a solution of gas in water, was first recognized as a new kind of material. This places the discovery of gas hydrates in the period when the fundamentals of modern chemistry, e.g. Joseph Proust's law of definite proportions and John Dalton's atomic theory, were being formulated. Although the study of gas hydrates ran parallel to the development of chemistry, and indeed work on gas hydrates contributed significantly to the first applications of classical chemical thermodynamics, these substances presented peculiarities not found in the usual chemical compounds. Despite the best efforts of some of the most eminent chemists and physicists of the time, the nature of the interactions between the constituents of gas hydrates, the non‐integer ratios of their constituting atoms/molecules, and their apparent compositional variations eluded explanation until the 1950s.
Often clathrate hydrates have been designated as “laboratory curiosities,” which leaves little appreciation