and VANETs work in group model.
6.2.7.2.4 Freeway
It is type of model which consists of maps having freeways and many lanes. There is no city path is present. It is imaginary. At first, nodes are placed randomly in lines but there are security distances between two nodes. If there is less distance between two nodes, adjust the distance. Node moves in the lane and it is not possible to change the lane.
6.2.7.3 FANETs
Figure 6.4 shows mobility model of flying adhoc networks. Details of these models are presented in next section.
Figure 6.4 Mobility model.
6.2.7.3.1 Random Way Point Mobility Model
RWP is the movement of nodes randomly within the specific area. This model contain three steps turn right, turn left and going. It calculates the time pause from speed changing and direction. But it is difficult to change the aircraft. It is not suitable for the aircraft. As shown in Figure 6.5.
6.2.7.3.2 GMM Model
GMM model uses the mobility of nodes by setting the directions and speed of a data packet which is constantly updated by the specific interval of time. Speed and data is constantly by the neighbor nodes shown in Figure 6.6.
6.2.7.3.3 Semi Random Model
This model is used for monitoring purpose. These UAV have curving flight manners. They will fly over the specific area to capture the information. UAV is using for monitoring and spying purpose over the specific area presented in Figure 6.7.
Figure 6.5 Random way model.
Figure 6.6 GMM model.
Figure 6.7 Semi-random model.
Figure 6.8 Mission model.
6.2.7.3.4 Mission
In this model, UAV flight is already defined. They will go according to the plan and when message is delivered to the destination nodes mobility model files updated. For every flight, rates and path is defined and updated for the next flight. If there is more time for the flight, UAV will change the direction and continue to fly as shown in Figure 6.8.
6.2.8 Types of Communication
6.2.8.1 MANET
In SPANs, mobile nodes work with the help of Wi-Fi. While in iMANETs all types of protocols are used for communication. Third type is VANETs in which vehicle perform the data transfer process.
6.2.8.2 VANET
6.2.8.2.1 Inter-Vehicle Communication
It uses multiple-hop system to send data from source to the many receivers within the vehicles.
6.2.8.2.2 Vehicle-To-Roadside Communication
The communication happens with the vehicle and within the around premises. Data is transferred through multiple hops until data is reached to the destination.
6.2.8.3 FANET
• Air-to-air wireless communications.
• Air-to-ground wireless communications.
6.2.8.3.1 Air-to-Air Wireless Communication
There is limitation for communication between UAVs and ground station. For ease, we should use air to air communication for data transmission from source to destination.
6.2.8.3.2 Air to Ground Wireless Communication
For air to ground communication, we have to establish a new infrastructure to communicate to ground stations. FANETs are different from MANETs and VANETs, and we need high range due to wide distance between the nodes
1 1. Multi-UAV cooperationTo perform a task with the FANETs, we need a large number of UAV. More UAV more chances of accurate detection, targeting, monitoring, and tracking and in emergency situation
2 2. UAV-to-ground tasksIn this, we involve human operator to help UAV to take right decision in the task.
3 3. UAV-to-VANET collaborationsRecently there is an optimization in FANET network, by using this technique we can make connection from air to the vehicles and we can use this for route guidance, monitoring, and traffic monitoring. Table 6.2 shows comprehensive comparison of different adhoc networks.
Table 6.2 Comparison of MANETs, VANETs.
| Criteria | FANET | VANET | MANET |
| Node mobility | High | Medium | Low |
| Mobility model | Pre-determined | Steady | Arbitrary |
| Node density | Low | Medium | Low |
| Topology change | Rapid | Average | Slow |
| Radio propagation model | High above the ground |
|