Handbook of Intelligent Computing and Optimization for Sustainable Development. Группа авторов

= 1, CP_f = 1, T_ab = alpha*DP_f + beta*CP_f, residual battery life, E = 100 (Enter power for each node), Ef = 60 (Enter power required to forward single packet), Eq = 30 (Enter dissipated power of the equipment), RBL = E/(Ef + Eq), hop count, fitness function, k1 = 0.1, fit = (Hopcount*k1) + (1 − T_ab) + (1/RBL), as shown in Figure 6.24.

      6.6.4 Routing Nodes

After the fitness function, simulation start generating results in green and red nodes while green are good and red are bad nodes as presented in Figure 6.25.

Figure 6.24 Good and bad nodes.

Figure 6.25 Fitness function.

6.7 Conclusion

      An important structure of CrANs has been proposed, designing, simulating, and characterizing of the adhoc network application. The design that we proposed is implemented in Edraw Max and MATLAB simulator. The results are more accurate than the previous adhoc networks (WSN, MANETs, VANETs, and FANETs). If we compare the results of WSN, MANETs, VANETs, and FANETs with CrANs, we can find out that CrANs is better than previous adhoc networks. The proposed design is simple, compact, and easy to simulate.

References

      1. Mehmood, Z., Iqbal, M., Wang, X., Comprehensive Experimental Performance Analysis of DSR, AODV and DSDV Routing Protocol for Different Metrics Values with Predefined Constraints. Int. J. Inf. Technol. Comput. Sci., 6, 2014.

      2. Periyasamy, P. and Karthikeyan, E., Energy Optimized Adhoc on-Demand Multipath Routing Protocol for Mobile Adhoc Networks. Int. J. Intell. Syst. Appl., 11, 2014.

      3. Hayat, S., Liu, X., Li, Y., Zhou, Y., Comparative Analysis of VANET’s Routing Protocol Classes: An Overview of Existing Routing Protocol Classes and Futuristic Challenges. 2019 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Electronics Technology (ICET), 2019.

      4. Oubbati, O.S., Lakas, A., Zhou, F., Güneş, M., Yagoubi, M.B., A survey on position-based routing protocols for Flying Adhoc Networks (FANETs). Veh. Commun., 10, 2017.

      5. Wireless Network Security, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Springer Book Series, 2007.

      6. Ruiz, P.M. and Gomez-Skarmeta, A.F., Multicast routing through mobility-aware Steiner tree meshes with consistency across different mobility models. Int. J. Parallel Emergent Distrib. Syst., 21, 2006.

7. Sahingoz, O.K., Networking Models in Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANETs): Concepts and Challenges. J. Intell. Rob. Syst., 74, 2013.

      8. Haas, Z.J. and Liang, B., Adhoc mobility management with uniform quorum systems. IEEE/ ACM Trans. Networking, 7, 1999.

      9. Advances in Grid and Pervasive Computing, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Springer Book Series, 2006.

      10. Wang, Zhang, J., Hussain, A., Wang, P., Cao, Y., A novel cross-layer communication protocol for vehicular sensor networks. Int. J. Commun. Syst., 31, 2018.

      11. Lalar, S. and Yadav, A., Comparative Study of Routing Protocols in MANET. Orient. J. Comp. Sci. Technol., 10, 2017.

      12. Akyildiz, Lee, W.-Y., Chowdhury, K., Crahns: Cognitive radio adhoc networks. AdHoc Networks, 7, 5, 810–836, July 2009.

      13. Toh, C.K., AdHoc Mobile Wireless Networks, Book Series Publisher Pearson, Pearson, 2006.

      14. Chowdhury, K.R. and Felice, M.D., Search: A routing protocol for mobile cognitive radio ad-hoc networks. Comput. Commun., 32, 1983–1997.

      15. Cormio, C. and Chowdhury, K., A survey on mac protocols for cognitive radio networks. AdHoc Networks, 7, 7, 13151329, September 2009.

      16. IEEE Xplore-CAODV Routing in mobile ad-hoc cognitive radio. IEEE xplore.ieee.org, wireless days 2010 IFIP.

      17. Hassan, H. and Araftur Rahman, M.D., RACARP: A robustness Aware Routing Protocol for Cognitive Radio Ad-Hoc Networ). J. Theor. Appl. Inf. Technol., 76, 2, 246–257, June 2015.

      18. Radio Mobile AdHoc Networks. Int. J. Comput. Appl. (0975 – 8887), 128, 6, 19–24, October 2015.

      19. Comparative analysis of vanets routing claases. 2nd IEEE conference ICET, 2019.

      20. Cormio, C. and Chowdhury, K., A survey on mac protocols for cognitive radio networks. AdHoc Networks, 7, 7, 13151329, September 2009.

      21. IEEE Xplore-CAODV Routing in mobile ad-hoc cognitive radio. IEEE xplore.ieee.org, wireless days 2010 IFIP.

      22. Hassan, H. and Araftur Rahman, M.D., RACARP: A robustness Aware Routing Protocol for Cognitive Radio Ad-Hoc Network). J. Theor. Appl. Inf. Technol., 76, 2, 246–257, June 2015.

      23. Indhumathi, L. and Vadivel, R., Adaptive Delay Tolerant Routing Protocol (ADTRP) for Cognitive Radio Mobile AdHoc Networks. Int. J. Comput. Appl. (0975 – 8887), 128, 6, 19–24, October 2015.

      24. Akyildiz, Lee, W.-Y., Chowdhury, K., Crahns: Cognitive radio adhoc networks. AdHoc Networks, 7, 5, 810–836, 19–24 July 2009.

      25. Toh, C.K., AdHoc Mobile Wireless Networks, Book Series Publisher Pearson, Pearson, 2006.

      26. Chowdhury, K.R. and Felice, M.D., Search: A routing protocol for mobile cognitive radio ad-hoc networks. Comput. Commun., 32, 1983–1997.

      27. Azad, S., Rahman, A., Taufiq Asyhari, A., Pathan, A.-S.K., Crowd Associated Network: Exploiting over Smart Garbage Management System. IEEE Commun. Mag., 55, 7, 186–192, 2017.

      1 *Corresponding author: [email protected]