plastics on current recycling of plastics. Sustainability, 10(5): 1487.
2 Ameripen 2018. Quantifying the value of packaging as a strategy to prevent food waste in America. Ameripen Report.<https://www.ameripen.org/page/foodwastereport> (accessed March 25, 2021).
3 Andrady, A. L., Neal, M. A. 2009. Applications and societal benefits of plastics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1526): 1977–1984.
4 Andrady, A., 2011. Microplastics in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(8): 1596 ̶ 1605.
5 Andrady, A., 2017. The plastic in microplastics: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 119(1): 12 ̶ 22.
6 Arthur, C., Baker, J., Bamford, H. 2008. Proceedings of the International research workshop on the occurrence, effects, and fate of microplastic marine debris. University of WashingtonTacoma, Tacoma, WA. In Conference Proceedings. Sept. 9–11.
7 Avio, C., Gorbi, S., Milan, M., Benedetti, M., Fattorini, D., d'Errico, G., Pauletto, M., Bargelloni, L., Regoli, F., 2015. Pollutants bioavailability and toxicological risk from microplastics to marine mussels. Environmental Pollution, 198: 211 ̶ 222.
8 Bakir, A., O'Connor, I., Rowland, S., Hendriks, A., and Thompson, R., 2016. The relative importance of microplastics as a pathway for the transfer of hydrophobic organic chemicals to marine life. Environmental Pollution, 219: 56–65.
9 Ball, P. 2020. The plastic legacy. Nature Materials, 19(9): 938.
10 Barboza, L. G. A., Vethaak, A. D., Lavorante, B. R. B. O., Lundebye, A. K., Guilhermino, L. 2018. Marine microplastic debris: an emerging issue for food security, food safety and human health. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 133: 336–348.
11 Barnes, D. K. A., Galgani, F., Thompson, R.C. & Barlaz, M. 2009. Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1526): 1985–1998.
12 Barrett, J., Chase, Z., Zhang, J., Holl, M., Willis, K., Williams, A., Hardesty, B., Wilcox, C. 2020. Microplastic Pollution in Deep‐Sea Sediments from the Great Australian Bight. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7: 808.
13 Batel, A., Borchert, F., Reinwald, H., Erdinger, L., Braunbeck, T., 2018. Microplastic accumulation patterns and transfer of benzo[a]pyrene to adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) gills and zebrafish embryos. Environmental Pollution, 235: 918–930.
14 Beiras, R., Bellas, J., Cachot, J., Cormier, B., Cousin, X., Engwall, M., Gambardella, C., Garaventa, F., Keiter, S., Le Bihanic, F., López‐Ibáñez, S., Piazza, V., Rial, D., Tato, T. and Vidal‐Liñán, L., 2018. Ingestion and contact with polyethylene microplastics does not cause acute toxicity on marine zooplankton. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 360: 452–460.
15 Belboom, S., Léonard, A., 2016. Does biobased polymer achieve better environmental impacts than fossil polymer? Comparison of fossil HDPE and biobased HDPE produced from sugar beet and wheat. Biomass and Bioenergy, 85: 159–167.
16 Bergmann, M. Mützel, S., Primpke, S., Tekman, M. B., Trachsel, J., Gerdts, G. 2019. White and wonderful? Microplastics prevail in snow from the Alps to the Arctic, Science Advances, 5(8): eaax1157.
17 Billiet, S., Trenor, S. R. 2020. 100th anniversary of macromolecular science viewpoint: needs for plastics packaging circularity. ACS Macro Letters, 9(9): 1376–1390.
18 Bishop, G., Styles, D., Lens, P. N. L. 2021. Environmental performance comparison of bioplastics and petrochemical plastics: a review of life cycle assessment (LCA) methodological decisions. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 168: 105451.
19 Borrelle, S., Ringma, J., Law, K., Monnahan, C., Lebreton, L., McGivern, A., Murphy, E., Jambeck, J., Leonard, G., Hilleary, M., Eriksen, M., Possingham, H., De Frond, H., Gerber, L., Polidoro, B., Tahir, A., Bernard, M., Mallos, N., Barnes, M., Rochman, C. 2020. Predicted growth in plastic waste exceeds efforts to mitigate plastic pollution. Science, 369(6510): 1515–1518.
20 Brizga, J., Hubacek, K., Feng, K. 2020. The unintended side effects of bioplastics: carbon, land, and water footprints. One Earth, 3(1): 45–53.
21 Browne, M., Dissanayake, A., Galloway, T., Lowe, D., Thompson, R. 2008. Ingested microscopic plastic translocates to the circulatory system of the mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.). Environmental Science & Technology, 42(13): 5026–5031.
22 Calabrò, P. S., Grosso, M. 2018. Bioplastics and waste management. Waste Management. 78: 800–801.
23 Campanale, C., Massarelli, C., Savino, I., Locaputo, V., Uricchio, V.F. 2020. A detailed review study on potential effects of microplastics and additives of concern on human health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17: 1212.
24 Carpenter, E. J., Smith, K. L. 1972. Plastics on the Sargasso Sea surface, Science, 175(4027): 1240–1241.
25 Cesa, F. S., Turra, A., Baruque‐Ramos, J. 2017. Synthetic fibers as microplastics in the marine environment: a review from the textile perspective with a focus on domestic washings, Science of the Total Environment, 598: 1116–1129.
26 Cesa, F. S., Turra, A., Checon, H. H., Leonardi, B., Baruque‐Ramos, J. 2020. Laundering and textile parameters influence fibers release in household washings, Environmental Pollution, 257, 113553.
27 Cheroennet, N., Pongpinyopap, S., Leejarkpai, T., Suwanmanee, U. 2017. A trade‐off between carbon and water impacts in bio‐based box production chains in Thailand: a case study of PS, PLAS, PLAS/starch, and PBS. Journal of Cleaner Production, 167, 987–1001.
28 Chet Chaffee, C., Yaros R. B. 2014. Life cycle assessment for three types of grocery bags – recyclable plastic; compostable, biodegradable plastic; and recycled, recyclable paper. Report by Boustead Consulting & Associates Ltd.
29 Chitaka, T. Y., von Blottnitz, H. 2019. Accumulation and characteristics of plastic debris along five beaches in Cape Town. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 138: 451–457.
30 Chua, E., Shimeta, J., Nugegoda, D., Morrison, P., Clarke, B. 2014. Assimilation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from microplastics by the marine amphipod, Allorchestes compressa. Environmental Science & Technology, 48(14): 8127–8134.
31 Ciel.org. 2021. Fueling plastics untested assumptions and unanswered questions in the plastics boom. <https://www.ciel.org/wp‐content/uploads/2018/04/Fueling‐Plastics‐Untested‐Assumptions‐and‐Unanswered‐Questions‐in‐the‐Plastics‐Boom.pdf> (accessed March 23, 2021).
32 Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Fileman, E., Halsband, C., Goodhead, R., Moger, J., Galloway, T. 2013. Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(12): 6646–6655.
33 Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Halsband, C., Galloway, T. S. 2011. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(12): 2588–2597.
34 Colton, J. B., Knapp, F. D., Burns, B. R. 1974. Plastic particles in surface waters of the northwestern Atlantic. Science, 185(4150): 491–497.
35 Cox, K., Covernton, G., Davies, H., Dower, J., Juanes, F., Dudas, S. 2019. Human consumption of microplastics. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(12): 7068–7074.
36 Cozar, A., Echevarria, F., Gonzalez‐Gordillo, J., Irigoien, X., Ubeda, B., Hernandez‐Leon, S., Palma, A., Navarro, S., Garcia‐de‐Lomas, J., Ruiz, A., Fernandez‐de‐Puelles, M., Duarte, C. 2014. Plastic debris in the open ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(28), 10239–10244.
37 Crutzen, P. J., Stoermer, E. F., 2000. The anthropocene. Global Change Newsletter, 41: 17–18.
38 The Danish Environmental Protection Agency 2018. Ed: Bisinella, B., Albizzati, P.F., T.F. Astrup, Damgaard, A. Lifecycle assessment of carrier bags. Environmental Project 1985. February 2018.
39 Danopoulos, E., Twiddy, M., West, R., and Rotchell, J. M. (2021). A rapid