to law under the threat of legitimate armed rebuff on the part of the population
…Plantagenets. The most famous representative of this dynasty is Richard the Lionheart. The third crusade allows Richard to come close to Jerusalem, already panicked, inclined to unconditional surrender. But, preoccupied with internal political problems, hardened from the slaughter of captives in Acre, the king does not believe in the favor of heaven and misses his chance.
After the first defeats the Arab tribes are rallying together, the role of discipline sharply increases in their troops, it becomes increasingly difficult to fight the crusaders.
The dynasties of England and France are mixed. To say: «At such and such a period England is ruled by the Plantagenet dynasty» is not entirely correct. Thus, for example, the Hundred Years’ War at one hundred and sixteen years with interruptions was initiated by the English King Edward the Third, because of his belonging to, rather French, Capetians, who have the right to the throne of France.
The main battles of the war – the battles of Crecy, Poitiers and Azencourt, are quite similar. French troops overtake a relatively small British invasion army. The weary knights, urged by the orders of the impatient king, come into battle with the march; they are shot from two-meter yew bows with arrows with the tips of the «nidlbodkin» and finish off the archers.
After a decade of slaughter, the epidemic of the plague bursts (the peak of the epidemic in 1348); residents are extremely constrained in the besieged cities, they do not care about the hygiene of the body in principle, the streets are full of sewage and rats. «Black Death» takes up to half the inhabitants of Europe, shattering its rigid social hierarchy (including serfdom), and even religious principles.
After such a terrible respite, the fighting is resumed.
Many residents of northern France are already beginning to consider themselves to be English. French nobles impose additional taxes, which leads to Jacqueria, the uprising of «Jacobs-simpletons», much more powerless than the English farmers – squires. In the first half of the fourteenth century, the morale of the French is resurrected by Joan of Arc. England gradually loses possession on the continent, the latter loses the port of Calais, near the narrowest part of the Channel.
But, the English, whose country, unlike the two-thirds of France’s population, is in perfect order, wish the continuation of the lists. The branch of the Plantagenet dynasty, Yorkie, disputes the crown at the Lancaster house. The thirty-year rivalry of the red (Lancaster) and white (Yorkie) emblematic roses begins.
…In the middle of the fourteenth century, after the death of the last king in the battle from the Lancaster, Richard III and the announcement of the heir to the house of the Yorkers illegitimate, Henry the Seventh Tudor is crowned. In his veins there are drops of Lancaster blood, he marries Elizabeth of York (of course, York), and thus unites the feuding dynasties. The new Tudor emblem combines red and white colors in a single complex rose. These twenty-four years of the reign are celebrated in the patrimonial memory of the English as a universal, cloudless idyll. Peasants become massively free, serfdom is replaced by land: the volume of state obligations is strictly fixed. The estates seem to find a common language among themselves, on the basis of religion and financial success, live in sweet harmony. However, the era of Old Good England ends with the ascent to the throne of the prototype of Bluebeard, Henry the Eighth. For the sake of marriage with her concubine Anna Boleyn and a light divorce with a bored old wife, the king issues a law on the change of state religion. The principle begins to work: cujus regio, ejus religio – whose authority, that and faith. In Russian transcription, this questionable rule sounds something like this: kujus irejjo, eidus ereligio
The head of the Church of England, more Protestant than Catholic, becomes the monarch himself, and this situation is still preserved. Catholic churches, monasteries, including the now fascinating Glastonbury Abbey, even with its ruins, are demolished and put on rubble for paving roads. The policy of enclosing the former monastic lands leads to the fact that agriculture is redirected to the production of wool, and the multiplied sheep «eat people». Where two hundred peasants lived comfortably, only three or four shepherds remain. Unemployed, «paupers», without unnecessary proceedings are sent to hard labor or a gallows. In total, during the reign of Henry the Eighth, seventy-two thousand people were executed, three percent of the population of England.
Maria, the daughter of Henry, the first lady who has been on the throne for a long time, restores Catholicism, reconciles with the Pope, and for a time receives the support of the people. But, bonfires, rampant executions, including the massacre of their timid predecessor, the «queen of ten days», sixteen-year-old Jane Gray, do not increase the popularity of the monarch; as well as a dynastic marriage with the prickly Spanish Prince Philip. Mary, now «Bloody» is dying of fever, leaving no direct heirs to the country…
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1. The emblem of the Lancaster is a scarlet rose.
2. Rose of York.
3. The combined red-white rose of the Tudor dynasty.
4. Henry Seventh Tudor, King of England and the Sovereign of Ireland by right of conquest, founder of the dynasty (1457 – 1509).
5. Henry VIII (Henry VIII), the third child of Henry the Seventh, «The Bluebeard,» the head of the Church of England (1491 – 1547). With two wives from six divorced, two executed on charges of treason, one died herself, the latter remained quite a happy widow. By the end of life because of obesity could move only with the help of special mechanisms. The last three marriages are childless.
6. Anna Boleyn, «impregnable mistress» for seven years, later – Henry’s second wife, who taught him, for the sake of a new marriage, to change the old Catholic ritual (1501 – 1536). A very well-known character in world history. Kaznena together with four friends – poets and musicians, on the accusation of adultery.
7. Maria Tudor, she is Bloody Mary, Maria Bloody, the daughter of Henry the Eighth from the first marriage, considered invalid (1516 – 1558). The first crowned queen of England. In Britain there is not a single monument to this, marked by bloody reprisals, the monarch.
8. Elizabeth the First, the youngest daughter of Henry the Eighth from a marriage with Anna Boleyn (1533—1603). This marriage is also annulled, but this time the child born in it becomes a full (and very successful) monarch. Elizabeth’s psyche was influenced by the tyranny of her father, the execution of her mother and the penultimate wife of the «Blue Beard,» Keith Howard, who became her good friend. However, Elizabeth did not shy away from fashion, watched her appearance, looked young, and, in particular, was fond of putting on the face of all the new layers of powder. Time of reign and never married a queen-virgin is considered the golden age of England.
Stewards. A dynasty of descendants from Scotland. England and Scotland for the first time become a single kingdom under the leadership of James the First, son of the executed in England, the Scottish Queen Maria Stewart. His son, Karl the First, experiences an inexplicable antipathy for his former homeland, regards it as a cash cow, and, after the