SANNC and TNC president to Umteteli, 26 March 1921; I am indebted to Peter Lekgoathi for sharing his translation. Makgatho is responding to Abantu-Batho of 3 February 1921.
18 Untitled notice, Umteteli, 8 January 1921.
19 Untitled news report, Abantu-Batho, 11 July 1918.
20 L. S. Motsepe and F. Bryn (I-ANC) to Abantu-Batho, 9 April and 25 June 1931, respectively.
21 Moses T. Ngqase, ‘Amanqaku ase Sterkstroom’, Abantu-Batho, 16 December 1920, JUS 3/127/20.
22 E. P. Mart Zulu, ‘Mhleli waBantu Batho’, Abantu-Batho, 14 June 1923; P. Limb, The ANC’s Early Years: Nation, Class and Place in South Africa before 1940 (Pretoria: Unisa Press, 2010): 320; ‘Tsa Evaton’, Abantu-Batho, 11 September 1930.
23 ‘Orange Free State News’, Abantu-Batho, 20 December 1917; ‘Orange Free State Native Congress: Ngodutshulwa kwaBantu’, repr. in Ilanga, 24 May 1918.
24 Guy Fawkes, ‘Isangoma’, Ilanga, 21 August 1914 on no-confidence votes in Dube in Abantu-Batho; ‘Isimemo se Langa lase Natal: Nituleleni?’, Abantu-Batho, repr. in Tsala ea Batho, 20 March 1915, on Plaatje’s financial needs in London: Abantu-Batho commented to Dube, ‘the rest of the Black Nation was not comfortable with your not informing them that Sol Plaatje was in such difficulty’. See Part II for the text.
25 ‘The King Williamstown Election’, Abantu-Batho, repr. in Imvo, 12 October 1915.
26 Ilanga, 12 January 1917 on Mabaso and Lenanka. Notices were cross-posted: see ‘Izindatshana ngezinto naBantu’, Ilanga, 10 May 1918 via Abantu-Batho that Thema and Dunjwa were fined £50 for a railway misdemeanour and ‘Umhlangano obus Emgungundhlovu’, Ilanga, 3 July 1914 from Abantu-Batho.
27 Mfana wase Makolweni, ‘Amatiletile’, Ilanga, 2 October 1914.
28 J. Ngubane, ‘Ku Ilanga lase Natal na ku Bantu-Batho’, Ilanga, 14 February 1919; ‘Ukuvivinya kwa “Abantu-Batho”’, Ilanga, 2 February 1918; J. T. Gumede, ‘The Natal Native Congress’, Ilanga, 12 May 1916.
29 R. V. S. Thema, ‘“The Voice of the Races of South Africa” vs. the Bantu People of South Africa’, Ilanga, 28 April 1916. See also G. Christison, ‘African Jerusalem: The Vision of Robert Grendon’, PhD, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2007; H. Hughes, The First President: A Life of John L. Dube, Founding President of the ANC (Auckland Park: Jacana, 2011): 191.
30 P. la Hausse de Lalouvière, Restless Identities: Signatures of Nationalism, Zulu Ethnicity and History in the Lives of Petros Lamula (c.1881–1948) and Lymon Maling (1889–c.1936) (Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 2000): 6, citing Abantu Batho, 6 April 1920, DNL 144/13 D205(1). For more on this, see P. la Hausse de Lalouvière, ‘“Death Is Not the End”: Zulu Cosmopolitanism and the Politics of Zulu Cultural Revival’, in B. Carton, J. Laband and J. Sithole (eds), Zulu Identities: Being Zulu, Past and Present (Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2008): 256–72.
31 Ilanga, 29 December 1916; ‘SA Native National Congress’, Abantu-Batho, repr. in Ilanga, 28 December 1917.
32 ‘Msane Is Not Wanted’, Abantu Batho, 4 July 1918; R. Mdima and A. Champion, ‘Igatya leNatal Native Congress eGoli elizwisa u’Bantu-Batho ubuhlu ngu ngoba kutiwa ligodu sa ifa’, Ilanga, 23 May 1919. Cf. E. H. May, ‘Kunga kangelwa kuti ukupendla Malunga nezimvo zaba Bhale-li Konke’, Umteteli, 31 July 1920 on Abantu-Batho ‘suspecting’ mine clerks and that clerks from Roodepoort and Randfontein trying to join Congress had been rejected’; my thanks to Sifiso Ndlovu for translating these latter two texts.
33 S. Msane, ‘Ipepa l’Abantu-Batho noMr Saul Msane (kuMhleli wa Abantu-Batho)’, Ilanga, 9 May 1919. See also the chapters by Christison, Lowe and Landau in this volume for more on these differences.
34 ‘Ezase Goli’, Ilanga, 29 December 1916; N. Cope, To Bind the Nation: Solomon kaDinu-zulu and Zulu Nationalism, 1913–33 (Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 1993): 214.
35 M. Foucault, The Courage of the Truth, ed. F. Gros (New York: Palgrave, 2011): 6.
36 La Hausse de Lalouvière, ‘“Death Is Not the End”: 266; correspondence with C. Lowe, 21 February 2012.
37 ‘Amalungu e Executive Committee ye N.N. Congress’, Ilanga, 22 June 1917.
38 In his report commissioned by the editor Msimang saw the Pondo chief’s invitation as the ‘beginning of the Union of the Northern with the Southern Bantu’. Black politics in the Cape was ‘inactive but not dormant’ (R. W. M., ‘The Transkei & the Native Affairs Administration Bill’, Abantu-Batho, 2 May 1918).
39 ‘Umtata Meeting’, Abantu-Batho, 18 April 1918, DNL 144/13 D205.
40 ‘Queenstown and the National Congress’, Abantu-Batho, 20 June 1918.
41 ‘Northern Emissaries’, Abantu-Batho, 13 June 1918. Against this push of Congress ‘the Imvo stands alone. Of course, it does not pretend to speak for Natives; nor does it ever express native opinion.’
42 M. Pelem, ‘To the Native Conference at Queenstown’, 26 February 1919, in T. Karis and G. M. Carter (eds), From Protest to Challenge: A Documentary History of African Politics in South Africa, 1882–1964, vol. 1 (Stanford: Hoover University Press, 1972): 101–4.
43 ‘More Bloodshed’, Abantu-Batho, 1 May 1930; ‘Ma Afrika a Tshoarane ka Litlena mo Motseng oa Cape Town’, Abantu-Batho, 28 August 1930 on Thaele and the Communist Party of South Africa.
44 ‘Abolition of Poll Tax Wanted: Resolutions at African National Congress’; ‘Litaba le Litabana: Pasa ea Basali’; and J. S. Nkoana, ‘Lefu la Mr. Albert Mothibi’, Abantu-Batho, 5 June 1930; ‘African National Congress le Communist Party’, Abantu-Batho, 3 July 1930; ‘Joint Meeting’, Abantu-Batho, 19 June 1930.
45 ‘Isaziso: Se Independent I.C.U.’, Abantu-Batho, 11 September 1930.
46 A. K. Soga, ‘Bantu Union Deputation to the Low Grade Mines Commission’, Abantu-Batho, February–March 1920. That Soga was a pioneer black editor and a founder of Congress, with the Bantu Union not yet deemed a great threat to Congress, may have influenced the decision to publish.
47 Agenda of the Conference, signed Edward Sauer Mochochoko, General Secretary, in SAP to SJ, 4 June 1920, JUS 3/127/20. The meeting also discussed the affiliation of the Native Women’s League.
48 ‘Fingo’ to Abantu-Batho, 4 July 1918. Commenting on the paper’s report on a Fingo Day celebration in Nancefield on 14 May 1918, he called for people to ‘drop these’ ethnic events and unite nationally.
49 ‘Correspondence: Reply to Mr. S. M. Makgatho’, Abantu-Batho, 24 April 1919.
50 ‘The National Congress’, Abantu-Batho, 22 April 1920, JUS 3/127/20. The symbol disappeared in 1929.
51 H. R. Ngcayiya, ‘Native Grievances’, Abantu-Batho, 9, 16 December 1920; this was a detailed report, suggesting that the correspondent was at the meeting, held in the Ethiopian Church in Bedford on 15 November.
52 ‘The Bantu Awakening’, Abantu-Batho, 2 May 1918, DNL 144/13 D205.
53 Editorial, Abantu-Batho, 9 May 1918, DNL 144/13 D205.
54 ‘The Mdolombian Dictum’, Abantu-Batho, 3 July 1930.
55 ‘You Are Invited’, Abantu-Batho, 22 April 1922, trans., DNL 144/13 D205.
56 ‘Unrest’, Abantu-Batho, 22 April 1922, trans., DNL 144/13 D205.
57 ‘Is Abantu-Batho Turning a New Leaf?’, Ilanga, 11 February 1921, referring to Abantu-Batho, 3 February 1921. The same issue also carried a similar isiZulu article (‘Ungqimpotwe ka Bantu-Batho’) on Abantu-Batho. Makgatho responded to these issues in a letter in Sesotho to Umteteli, 26 March 1921.
58 ‘Manifesto of the All-African Convention’, Abantu-Batho, 5 June 1924, Rhodes House Library, Mss. Afr. s.24 J15. Due to ‘unforeseen