of California Press, 2006): 371 for Abantu-Batho, c.7 August 1926; and R. T. Vinson, The Americans Are Coming! Dreams of African American Liberation in Segregationist South Africa (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2012): 95, 126.
110 A. W. Champion, ‘Isitukutuku senja sipelela eboyeni’, Ilanga, 18 July 1919. Peter Walshe pointed to clear traces of Garvey’s influence in Abantu Batho under Gumede from 1927 (‘Black American Thought and African Political Attitudes in South Africa’, Review of Politics 32, 1970: 65), but Hill and Pirio showed it was from at least 1920 (R. Hill and G. Pirio, ‘“Africa for the Africans”: The Garvey Movement in South Africa, 1920–1940’, in S. Marks and S. Trapido (eds), The Politics of Race, Class and Nationalism in Twentieth Century South Africa (London: Longman, 1987): 209–53).
111 A. Lipede, Pan Africanism in Southern Africa 1900–1980 (Kaduna: Baraka Press, 2001): 59–63 claims that Thema was a major contributor to ‘Pan Negro’ sentiments in its pages. Thema, ‘Within the Ambit’, Abantu-Batho, February–March 1920 certainly does refer to Garvey.
112 See Robert Vinson’s chapter in this volume, Part II, and R. A. Hill, ‘Black Zionism: Marcus Garvey and the Jewish Question’, in V. P. Franklin et al. (eds), African Americans and Jews in the Twentieth Century: Studies in Convergence and Conflict (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1998): 41.
113 ‘Loyalty to the British Throne’, Abantu-Batho, 18 September 1914; Garvey Papers, vol. 7 (1990): 210.
114 See G. Shepperson and T. Price, Independent African: John Chilembwe and the Origins, Setting and Significance of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1958): 202–3; H. Langworthy, ‘Africa for the African’: The Life of Joseph Booth (Blantyre: Christian Literature Association of Malawi, 1996): 278, 283, 411–21, 434–47, 451, 469; C. Saunders, ‘Pixley Seme: Towards a Biography’, South African Historical Journal 25, 1991: 199.
115 J. Booth and L. de Beers, ‘Legislation Affecting the Natives’, Tsala ea Batho, 26 April 1913; ‘Umhlangano eBloemfontein’, Ilanga, 14 August 1914; Langworthy, ‘Africa for the African’: 278, 283, 411–21, 434–39, 469 stresses Booth’s interest in Congress and his attendance at its meetings.
116 ‘The British Christian Union’, Mlomo wa Bantu, 26 November 1913, Shepperson Papers, University of Edinburgh. Advertisements for the British Christian Union are peppered throughout Imvo of these years.
117 The poems were ‘Prayer for Peace through Justice’ and ‘When Freedom’s Cause Is Won’. Garnett (1855–1930) was secretary of the English League of Universal Brotherhood and Native Races Association.
118 ‘Bogeys’, Umteteli, 24 February 1923 clearly refers to Abantu-Batho in attacking ‘a Native newspaper’.
119 Abantu-Batho, 7 June 1923: see Part II, and Garvey Papers, vol. 10 (2006): 106–8; T. O. Ranger, The African Voice in Southern Rhodesia, 1898–1930 (London: Heinemann, 1970): 90 ff.
120 Garvey Papers, vol. 9 (1995): 588–92.
121 ‘Stilblutten der Eingeborenenpresse’, Lüderitzbuchter Zeitung, 5 August 1922. My thanks to Dag Henrichsen for the translation. The German is probably a translation from Afrikaans in Die Volksstem, in turn translated from Abantu-Batho, so quite something may have been lost in translation.
122 James S. Thaele, ‘Christianity, Basis of Native Policy?’, Workers’ Herald, 21 December 1923, in Karis and Carter, From Protest to Challenge, vol. 1: 214.
123 L. Bishop, ‘A Free and Redeemed Africa’, Abantu-Batho, 1 May 1930, relaying an advertisement from New York for a ‘South Africa [that] offers fresh, thrilling travel adventures … the ruins of Zimbabwe … the Valley of Diamonds at Kimberley … plus golf, tennis surfing, sunbathing’, but only for those of ‘European descent’; ‘Marcus Garvey Urges Negroes to Build for Racial Uplift’, Abantu-Batho, 15 May 1930; ‘Negroes Must Select Leaders Who Are Best Equipped to Lead’, Abantu-Batho, 22 May 1930.
124 ‘Another Victory’, Abantu-Batho, 1 May 1930; Abantu-Batho, 2 October 1930.
125 In apartheid terminology, these were people of mixed race who resided mainly in the Cape.
126 ‘Who and What Is a Negro?’ (1923), in A. Jacques-Garvey (ed.), Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey (New York: Atheneum, 1925, repr. 1982), vol. 2: 20–21, quoting Abantu-Batho, 29 March 1923.
127 R. V. Selope Thema, ‘Victory Celebrations in London’, Abantu-Batho, February–March 1920: 19–20.
128 Abantu-Batho, 20 May 1920, JUS 3/127/20.
129 For instance, see reports on events in Basutoland such as ‘Tsa Lesotho’, Abantu-Batho, 17 July 1930.
130 ‘Oppression of the Native & Coloured Races’, Abantu-Batho, repr. in Izwe la Kiti, 24 December 1912.
131 ‘The Swazi Scare’, Abantu-Batho, 9 January 1914, transcript in CO 417/546.
132 ‘Swaziland and the S. A. Union’, Abantu-Batho, 17 February 1916. The editor here was Grendon.
133 ‘Notes and Comments: A Swazi Aeroplane for the War’, Abantu-Batho, 25 April 1918.
134 R. Edgar, Prophets with Honour: A Documentary History of Lekhotla la Bafo (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, [1987]): 22; R. Weisfelder, ‘Early Voices of Protest in Basutoland: The Progressive Association and Lekhotla La Bafo’, African Studies Review 17, 1974: 397–409; ‘The Poor People of Basutoland Organise’, South Africa Worker, 11 May 1928.
135 A. Moremoholo, ‘Lefela ha a bolele tsona’, Leselinyana, 27 October 1922 citing Abantu-Batho, 28 September (Loetse) in connection with the governor-general; Mohlokalebitso, ‘Mohlokalebitso le Mosotho’, Leselinyana, 20 October 1922 on reports in Abantu-Batho and Friend, 31 August 1922.
136 L. Feldman, The Jews of Johannesburg, until Union, 31st May, 1910 (Cape Town: Jewish Publications, 2007): 113, citing Abantu-Batho, 25 April, 25 July 1913. Organisation was the key ‘to find a way in which all Africans in South Africa can acquire human, social, economic and political rights’. Israelstam helped found the Social Democratic Party and the ISL’s Yiddish Speaking Branch.
137 ‘White Africa’, Abantu-Batho, 14 June 1923. See Part II for the text.
138 International, 1 June 1923.
139 ‘Kwazi Owaziyo’, Abantu-Batho, October 1930, 27 November 1930; J. H. M., ‘The British White Paper’, Abantu-Batho, 27 November 1930; ‘Lefatshe lea Tleksesla’, Abantu-Batho, 11 September 1930.
140 ‘Native Women’s Brave Stand’, Indian Opinion, 2 August 1913; see also U. Dhupelia-Mesthrie, Gandhi’s Prisoner? The Life of Gandhi’s Son Manilal (Cape Town: Kwela, 2004): 170.
141 Abantu-Batho, 18 April 1918, DNL 144/13 D205.
142 ‘A Dignified Protest’, Indian Opinion, 26 September 1919; Letanka to J. Hunter, Transvaal Whites’ Protection League, 2 September 1919, in South African’s League, Handbook, Being the Official Report of Proceedings of Congress, Town Hall, Pretoria, 4–5 September 1919 (Johannesburg: Adlington, 1919): 54.
143 ‘Resolutions of the Transvaal Native Congress & the Asiatic Question’, Abantu-Batho, repr. in Ilanga, 3 October 1919. Indian immigration was noted in ‘Ngemfundo Yabantu’, Abantu-Batho, 2 December 1920.
144 C. Baker, ‘Imperialism in Practice’, Abantu-Batho, 4 September 1930 and ‘Ukusebenza kwama ndhla Ombuso’, Abantu-Batho, 4 August 1930 on the historical context of the Indian Mutiny and Meerut rising.
145 ‘Isipitipiti e India’ and ‘Why Mahatma Was Arrested’, Abantu-Batho, 1 May 1930, repr. from Star; ‘Gandhi’s Successor Arrested’ and ‘The New Leader’ [Sarojini Naidu], Abantu-Batho, 15 May 1930; ‘Hartal in India’, Abantu-Batho, 22 May 1930; ‘Support of the Indian Revolution’, Abantu-Batho, 3 July 1930.
146 ‘A Loud Clarion Call’, Abantu-Batho, 10 July 1930; ‘Malignant Campaign by