Experimental Investigations on Bio-Inspired Icephobic Coatings for Aircraft Inflight Icing Mitigation 18.1 Introduction About Aircraft Icing Phenomena 18.2 Impact Icing Pertinent to Aircraft Icing vs. Conventional Frosting or Static Icing 18.3 State-of-the-Art Bio-Inspired Icephobic Coatings 18.4 Comparison of Ice Adhesion Strengths of Different Bio-Inspired Icephobic Coatings 18.5 Durability of the Bio-Inspired Icephobic Coatings under High-Speed Droplet Impacting 18.6 Icing Tunnel Testing to Evaluate the Effectiveness of the Icephobic Coatings for Impact Icing Mitigation 18.7 Summary Acknowledgments References 19 Effect of and Protection from Ice Accretion on Aircraft Glossary 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Fundamental Icing Parameters 19.3 Types of Ice on Aircraft 19.4 Aircraft Icing Effects 19.5 Sensing of and Protection from Aircraft Icing 19.6 Summary Funding and Acknowledgement References 20 Numerical Modeling and Its Application to Inflight Icing 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Aircraft Icing 20.3 Numerical Technique for Inflight Icing 20.4 Numerical Simulation of Icing Protection System (IPS) 20.5 Numerical Issues in the Inflight Icing Code 20.6 Summary References
8 Index
9 Also of InterestAlso of Interest
List of Tables
1 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Variation of the nucleation rateJ as a function of supersaturation
2 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Ice adhesion,τice, on various icephobic substrates measured by...Table 8.2 Ice adhesion,τice, to various icephobic substrates measured by...Table 8.3 Ice adhesion,τice, to various icephobic substrates measured by...Table 8.4 Parameters for standard ice adhesion measurements [6].
3 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Selected fatal aircraft crashes caused by icing over the past five...Table 10.2 Overview of ice types for different applications.Table 10.3 Results of ice adhesion tests for the three different ice types, i...Table 10.4 Overview of ice adhesion tests included in recent reviews. From [3...Table 10.5 Overview of experimental conditions for a selection of different i...Table 10.6 Overview of mean values and standard deviations of ice adhesion st...
4 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Summary of the reported icephobic properties of superhydrophobic s...Table 12.2 Roughness and wetting properties of four different superhydrophobi...Table 12.3 Contact states of ice on the different scales of a superhydrophobi...
5 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Summary of different models for the spreading factorβ based o...
6 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Wettability and anti-icing performance of reinforced superhydropho...Table 16.2 Wettability and anti-icing performance of superhydrophobic coating...
7 Chapter 17Table 17.1 Dominant deposition mechanisms for the particles with different...Table 17.2 The standard methods for durability assessment of a coating [29].
8 Chapter 18Table 18.1 Summary of the measured ice adhesion strengths on various tested s...
9 Chapter 19Table 19.1 Effects of various ice accretions on a NACA 0011 airfoil aerodynam...
10 Chapter 20Table 20.1 Characteristics of clouds [13].Table 20.2 Generation of inflight icing code.Table 20.3 Terms used in Messinger model.Table 20.4 2D airfoil ice shape prediction cases [52].Table 20.5 3D DLR-F6 ice shape prediction [52].
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 A geologic timeline of the Earth shows the symbiotic relationship...Figure 1.2 A timeline of human activities which have aided in our understand...Figure 1.3 (a) The Classical Nucleation Theory models a growing embryo of cl...Figure 1.4 Heterogeneous nucleation of an embryo growing on a foreign solid ...Figure 1.5 Geometric factors, ƒ, for heterogeneous ice nucleation free energ...Figure 1.6 Rendering of the hypothetically best surface morphology to delay ...Figure 1.7 (a) Water droplet on a theoretically perfectly flat, chemically h...Figure 1.8 (a) The degree to which water will penetrate into the pores of a ...Figure 1.9 (a) The pore walls of a superhydrophobic substrate become intrins...Figure 1.10 The failure mode of the ice-solid bond is said to be: (a) adhesi...Figure 1.11 (a) A real superhydrophobic surface will undergo some degree of ...Figure 1.12 (a) Twill Dutch-weave and (b) plain Dutch-weave pattern stainles...Figure 1.13 (a) Surfaces are never completely flat, but rather possess asper...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 The dependence of the Gibbs free energy change ΔG on the nucleus ...Figure 2.2 Snapshots (at 6ms interval) showing the ice nucleation of a 5µl d...Figure 2.3 Schematic showing the volume and surface area of a spherical cap ...Figure 2.4 (a) Schematic showing an axisymmetric water nucleus on the micros...Figure 2.5 (a1-a3) ESEM images showing the random water nucleation on a supe...Figure 2.6 ESEM snapshots showing the condensed droplets in (a) Cassie-Baxte...Figure 2.7 (a) ESEM snapshots showing the selective water nucleation on the ...Figure 2.8 Schematic showing the heterogeneous nucleation of an ice embryo w...Figure 2.9 (a) Free energy barriers for nucleation in a system of hard spher...Figure 2.10 (a) Schematics of the thermal resistance networks of partial-Wen...Figure 2.11 Critical droplet freezing radius as a function of the substrate ...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Ice nucleolus on a subzero substrate and the involved interfaces ...Figure 3.2 The surface factor plotted versus different values of x and m for...Figure 3.3 The surface factor plotted versus different values of x and m for...Figure 3.4 Different coatings are exposed to water droplets which shows the ...Figure 3.5 Geometry of droplet at later stages of ice formation and after co...Figure 3.6 Ice growth on a sub-zero substrate when the droplet is in an envi...Figure 3.7 The experimental data for ice growth rate are compared to theoret...Figure 3.8 Ice growth on a sub-zero substrate when the droplet is in an envi...Figure 3.9 The plot of Eq. (3.40) which shows ice growth rate in an environm...Figure 3.10 Ice bridging phenomenon for two similar