The Triumph of Profiling. Andreas Bernard

6 Rossolimo's study was never translated into English. The quotation here is translated from the German edition: G. I. Rossolimo, Das psychologische Profil und andere experimentell-psychologische, individuale und kollektive Methoden zur Prüfung der Psychomechanik bei Erwachsenen und Kindern (Halle an der Saale: C. Marhold, 1926), 8.7 Karl Bartsch, Das psychologische Profil und seine Auswertung für Heilpädagogik: Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung der psychischen Funktionen des normalen und abnormalen Kindes, 2nd edn. (Halle an der Saale: C. Marhold, 1926), 3.8 The quotations are from ibid., 60, 73; and Fritz Giese, Psychotechnisches Praktikum (Halle an der Saale: Wendt & Klauwell, 1923), 40.9 Louis Gold, “The Psychiatric Profile of the Firesetter,” Journal of Forensic Sciences 7 (1962), 404–17. On the “mad bomber” and the role that psychoanalysis played in solving the case, see James Brussel, The Casebook of a Crime Psychiatrist (New York: Grove Press, 1968).10 Richard Ault and James Reese, “A Psychological Assessment of Crime: Profiling,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 49 (1980), 22–5, at 22.11 Russel Vorpagel, “Painting Psychological Profiles: Charlatanism, Coincidence, Charisma, Chance, or a New Science?” The Police Chief 3 (1982), 156–9, at 156.12 Ault and Reese, “A Psychological Assessment of Crime,” 24. For a highly similar list, see Vorpagel, “Painting Psychological Profiles,” 159.13 Gold, “The Psychiatric Profile of the Firesetter,” 404, 416.14 Ault and Reese, “A Psychological Assessment of Crime,” 25.15 Anthony Rider, “The Firesetter: A Psychological Profile,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 49 (July 1980), 7–17, at 7.16 On the number of cases in the United States, see Vorpagel, “Painting Psychological Profiles,” 159. Regarding the first criminal profile in Germany, see Cornelia Musolff, “Täterprofile und Fallanalyse: Eine Bestandaufnahme,” in Täterprofile bei Gewaltverbrechen: Mythos, Theorie und Praxis des Profilings, ed. Cornelia Musolff and Jens Hoffmann (Heidelberg: Springer, 2006), 1–23, at 12.17 On the history of registering psychiatric patients and on the development of documentary practices in various hospitals during the nineteenth century, see Ali-Reza Ipektschi, “Ärztliche Aufzeichnungen über Patienten im Allgemeinen Krankenhause in Hamburg in der Zeit von 1823–1888” (doctoral diss.: Universität Hamburg, 1983); Brigitte Bernet, “Der Fall des psychiatrischen Formulars,” in Zum Fall machen, zum Fall werden: Wissensproduktion und Patientenerfahrung in Medizin und Psychiatrie des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts, ed. Sibylle Brändli et al. (Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2009), 62–91; Volker Hess, “Formalisierte Beobachtung: Die Genese der modernen Krankenakte am Beispiel der Berliner und Pariser Medizin,” Medizinhistorisches Journal 45 (2010), 293–340; and Sophie Ledebur, “Schreiben und Beschreiben: Zur epistemischen Funktion von psychiatrischen Krankenakten, ihre Archivierung und deren Übersetzung in Fallgeschichten,” Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 34 (2011), 102–24.18 J. C. Lavater, Von der Physiognomik (Leipzig: Weidmann, 1772), 63. This early work on physiognomy, which has not been translated into English, is distinct from Lavater's more comprehensive treatment of the subject, which appeared in multiple English editions under the title Essays on Physiognomy.19 Alphonse Bertillon, La photographie judiciare avec un appendice sur la classification et l'identification anthropométrique (Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1890), 17.20 Here one could add yet a third level of meaning to the concept, which concerns the grooved or “profile” bicycle tires first patented by Dunlop or Palmer in 1880. In the Sherlock Holmes story “The Adventure of the Priory School,” it is the interpretation of these peculiar treads near the crime scene that sets the detective on the right track toward finding the missing pupil. At one point in the investigation, Holmes remarks: “I am familiar with forty-two different impressions left by tyres.” Quoted from Arthur Conan Doyle, “The Adventure of the Priory School,” in The Return of Sherlock Holmes (New York: A. Wessels, 1907), 119–58, at 136.21 For a screenshot of Match.com's homepage from 1995, see Mia de Graaf, “‘I Was Trying to Find the Right Person to Marry’: Match.com Co-Founder Reveals the Inspiration of Online Dating Site as It Goes Public,” Daily Mail (November 19, 2015): www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3324447/I-trying-right-person-marry-Match-com-founder-reveals-inspiration-online-dating-site-goes-public.html. The quotation of the 1996 advertisement was taken from a web page that is no longer active: kremen.com/wp-content/uploads/fi les/019_WEBSIGHT_0996_MATCH_AD.PDF. For a report about using the site, see Leslie Crawford, “Geek Love,” San Francisco Focus (October, 1996), 20: “You simply post your profile on-line and wait for the on-line love letters.”22 See Eva Illouz, Cold Intimacies: The Making of Emotional Capitalism (Cambridge: Polity, 2007), 74–114; and Illouz, Why Love Hurts: A Sociological Explanation (Cambridge: Polity, 2012), 198–237.23 See youtube.com/watch?v=MzE2cOqUFWM, at the 2:20 mark.24 Older online communities such as WELL (“Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link”), which was founded in California in 1985, did not make use of the profile format. Members dialed in with a user name and password and could comb through various thematically arranged sites and post comments. See Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000), 1–24; and Fred Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Steward Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism (University of Chicago Press, 2008), 141–74.25 Andrew Weinreich, “Method and Apparatus for Constructing a Networking Database and System,” United States Patent No. US6175831 (1997). The patent can be read online at www.google.com/patents/US6175831.26 See Teresa Riordan, “Idea for Online Networking Brings Two Entrepreneurs Together,” New York Times (December 1, 2003): www.nytimes.com/2003/12/01/technology/technology-media-patents-idea-for-online-networking-brings-two-entrepreneurs.html. Reid Hoffmann, who is still the president of LinkedIn, has remained the owner of this patent ever since.27 Weinreich, “Method and Apparatus for Constructing a Networking Database and System,” n.p.28 The idea first appeared in a short story titled “Chain-Links” by the Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy.29 These works have not been translated into English. Their original German titles are, respectively, Souverän im Vorstellungsgespräch, Erfolgreich im Assessment-Center, and Das große Bewerbungshandbuch.30 Christian Püttjer and Uwe Schnierda, Anschreiben und Lebensläufe für Hochschulabsolventen (Felde am Westensee: Sit-Up Verlag, 1999).31 Among others, the following books have appeared in various editions: Die Bewerbungsmappe mit Profil für Führungskräfte