Ferroic Materials for Smart Systems. Jiyan Dai

Figure 2.27 Two‐dimensional simulation of the structural transformation from c...

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 (a) FeRAM device and structural diagram (1T1C) made by Fujitsu, whe...Figure 3.2 Illustration of surface charges generated in a ferroelectric layer ...Figure 3.3 (a) Diagram of the 1T FeRAM based on a field‐effect transistor with...Figure 3.4 Energy band diagram of a ferroelectric tunnel junction. Polarizatio...Figure 3.5 (a) Illustration and (b) voltage dependence of the current density ...Figure 3.6 Out‐of‐plane PFM (a) phase and (b) amplitude measurements on Au/Co/...Figure 3.7 (a) Schematic drawings of the metal/ferroelectric/semiconductor str...Figure 3.8 (a) Tunneling resistance with varying maximum (positive or negative...Figure 3.9 (a) Illustration of in‐plane strain effect and (b) the correspondin...Figure 3.10 Schematic setup of dynamic pyroelectric coefficient measurement sy...Figure 3.11 (a) Diagram of pyroelectric infrared sensor, (b) decreased polariz...Figure 3.12 (a) Basic structure and (b) circuit of a pyroelectric detector.Figure 3.13 Experimental setup for infrared sensor characterization.Figure 3.14 (a) A schematic view of the ferroelectric gate FET, (b) the workin...Figure 3.15 (a) Antenna devices with tunable BST layer acting as a distributed...Figure 3.16 Schematic illustration of the physical mechanism of the photovolta...Figure 3.17 The structure of polymer photovoltaic devices with FE interfacial ...Figure 3.18 Current density–voltage (J–V) curve of BNBT:Nb ceramics under dark...Figure 3.19 Principles of operation for a conventional solar cell and the ferr...Figure 3.20 (a) An illustration of the basic principle of the electrocaloric e...

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 A modified Sawyer–Tower circuit for ferroelectric P–E loop me...Figure 4.2 Typical P–E loop from a PMN‐PT relaxor ferroelectric single crystal...Figure 4.3 (a) An ideal linear response of capacitor, (b) an ideal resistor re...Figure 4.4 Dielectric–temperature curve of (a) (Ba_xSr_1−x)TiO₃ where x va...Figure 4.5 Schematic diagram of piezoresponse force microscopy imaging mechani...Figure 4.6 (a) Our PFM phase image of a PZT grain in a PZT film showing ferroe...Figure 4.7 Our PFM out‐of‐plane phase hysteresis loop and amplitude butterfly ...Figure 4.8 Our PFM results from epitaxial BaTiO₃ thin films. (a) Amplitude and...Figure 4.9 (a) Illustration of four sectors of a photo‐detector in AFM. (b) Qu...Figure 4.10 Piezoresponse (a) OPP phase, (b) OPP amplitude, (c) IPP amplitude ...Figure 4.11 (a) The sample surface movement of out‐of‐plane polarization ANSYS...Figure 4.12 (a) The sample surface movement of in‐plane polarization ANSYS sim...Figure 4.13 Expected piezoresponse amplitude signals, and accompanying domain ...Figure 4.14 Schematics of dual frequency resonance tracking (DFRT) technique: ...Figure 4.15 Typical X‐ray θ–2θ scans of (a) BiFeO₃ and La:BiFeO₃ fil...Figure 4.16 Reciprocal space mapping of the M_A and M_C phases in PMN‐xPT crysta...Figure 4.17 (a) Low magnification TEM images of the KNN single crystal along 〈...Figure 4.18 SAED patterns of different zone axes of Bi_0.85Nd_0.15FeO₃ ceramics ...Figure 4.19 (a) Atomically resolved HAADF‐STEM images of 2 unit‐cell‐thick BiF...Figure 4.20 A series of TEM image of in situ observation of ferroelectric doma...Figure 4.21 (a) CBED pattern of the tetragonal phase of PbTiO₃ taken at room t...

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Demonstration of ferroelectricity for a 1‐nm BaTiO₃ film grown on t...Figure 5.2 Illustrations of (top) top view and (bottom) side view along y dire...Figure 5.3 (a) Temperature dependence of polarization obtained from Monte Carl...Figure 5.4 (a) The stripe domain of a 1 unit cell SnTe film and (b) schematic ...Figure 5.5 Vortex structures in nature from flower (a) to snail (b), tornado (...Figure 5.6 PFM images of instantaneous domain configurations with out‐of‐plane...Figure 5.7 Exploring the phase boundary between (SrTiO₃)₁₀/(PbTiO₃)₁₀ superlat...Figure 5.8 (a) Schematic configurations of a single chiral skyrmion and (b) ra...Figure 5.9 Skyrmion structures with varying vorticity m and helicity γ. T...Figure 5.10 Ordinary ρ_xy, anomalous ρ_AHE and topological Hall resist...Figure 5.11 (A) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for FE domain swit...Figure 5.12 The structures of the two phases of DIPAB, α phase at 293 K and th...Figure 5.13 (a) The temperature dependence of the dielectric constant of the α...Figure 5.14 Illustration of fluorite oxide structure, large and small spheres ...Figure 5.15 A schematic for the structural origin of the ferroelectricity in p...Figure 5.16 The formation of the orthorhombic phase proceeds by transformation...Figure 5.17 Polarization measurement of metal–insulator–metal capacitor sample...Figure 5.18 P–E hysteresis loops for a thickness series of pure HfO₂ thin film...Figure 5.19 (a) Evolution of the ferroelectric remnant polarization during bip...Figure 5.20 Phase evolution model of the three different stages of the ferroel...Figure 5.21 (a) Cross‐sectional high‐angle annular dark field‐scanning transmi...Figure 5.22 (a) TEM image of Al:HfO₂/LSMO and (b) PFM amplitude and phase hyst...Figure 5.23 (a) Surface morphology of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite crystal showing st...Figure 5.24 (a) A discrete ferroelectric layer in between electron‐collection ...Figure 5.25 Ferroic domain patterns of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ crystals revealed by (a) SEM...

      6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Direct and converse piezoelectric effects.Figure 6.2 Definition of directions for piezoelectric constants.Figure 6.3 Diagram showing the definitions of (a) d₃₃, (b) d₃₁, and (c) d₁₅.Figure 6.4 Diagram showing the definition (the relationship between the poling...Figure 6.5 Frequency‐dependent dielectric permittivity showing resonance and a...Figure 6.6 Equivalent electrical circuit of a piezoelectric resonator.Figure 6.7 Impedance‐frequency spectrum of a poled PMN–PT single crystal with Figure 6.8 Simplified equivalent circuit corresponding to the regions A–E in F...Figure 6.9 A long rod with the electric field parallel to its length.Figure 6.10 Electrical impedance and phase angle versus frequency spectra of a...Figure 6.11 A length‐expander plate with the electric field perpendicular to i...Figure 6.12 A shear plate with the electric field parallel to its thickness.Figure 6.13 A thin plate with the electric field parallel to its thickness.Figure 6.14 A thin disc with the electric field parallel to its thickness.

      7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 The basic geometry of a single‐element ultrasonic transducer while ...Figure 7.2 KLM electrical equivalent circuit model for a piezoelectric transdu...Figure 7.3 (a) Setup of pulse‐echo measurement and (b) typical measurement res...Figure 7.4 Illustration of resolution definition ultrasound imaging, where −6 ...Figure 7.5 Different types of medical ultrasound transducers developed from ou...Figure 7.6 Simulation of motion on stator surface.Figure 7.7 (a) Schematic diagram of motion between stator and rotor and (b) ou...Figure 7.8 Nyquist diagram around its fundamental resonance and anti‐resonance...Figure 7.9 Bode diagram around its fundamental resonance and anti‐resonance fr...Figure 7.10 (a) Diagram of stator and (b) the PZT ring. The numbers indicate dFigure 7.11 Schematic diagram of SAW filters.Figure 7.12 Schematic diagram of Rayleigh wave.Figure 7.13 (a) Stereoscopic view of the ideal crystal stacking of LiNbO₃ alon...Figure 7.14 Detail information of S‐parameters.Figure 7.15 Schematic diagram of SAW device structure (LiNbO₃/Al₂O₃/diamond). ...Figure 7.16 Scattering parameters S₁₁ response of the SAW device fabricated on...Figure 7.17 Schematic procedures of the modified dice‐and‐fill method used for...Figure 7.18 Construction of the NBT–BT/epoxy 1–3 composite single‐element and ...Figure 7.19 (a) Pulse‐echo waveform and (b) frequency spectrum of a single arr...

      8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Diagram showing the magnetic moment associated with (a) orbital mot...Figure 8.2 Illustration of time reversion symmetry breaking.Figure 8.3 Schematic densities of states (DOSs) for ferromagnetism: (a) strong...Figure 8.4 Illustration of magnetization versus temperature. Arrows inside the...Figure 8.5 Sketch of Landau free energy F(M) = αM2 + βM4...Figure 8.6 Sketch of Landau free energy F(M) = αM2 + βM4 − μ0HM...Figure 8.7 Domain structures in cubic (a) and hexagonal (b) structured ferroma...Figure 8.8 Domain wall structures of (a) Bloch‐type ferromagnetic domain walls...Figure 8.9 Schematic diagram of origin of the AMR effect, (a) high and (b) low...Figure 8.10 Magnetoresistance of Fe/Cr superlattice showing the change in the ...Figure 8.11 (a) Diagram showing the superlattice structure of ferromagnetic Fe...Figure 8.12 Hybrid probe: eddy current testing (ECT) coil with GMR sensor.Figure 8.13 Diagram of spin‐dependent TMR effect in parallel (left) and antipa...Figure 8.14 Diagram of (a) a conventional