Geochemistry. William M. White

we may write:

      (3.98)

      Thus, for example, for a solution formed by dissolution of CaCl₂ in water, the concentration of Cl^– ion will be twice that of the Ca²⁺ ion. Even if CaCl₂ is not the only source of these ions in solution, its congruent dissolution allows us to write the mass balance constraint in the form of a differential equation:

      which just says that CaCl₂ dissolution adds two Cl^– ions to solution for every Ca²⁺ ion added.

      By carefully choosing components and boundaries of our system, we can often write conservation equations for components. For example, suppose we have a liter of water containing dissolved CO₂ in equilibrium with calcite (for example, groundwater in limestone). In some circumstances, we may want to choose our system as the water plus the limestone, in which case we may consider Ca conserved and write:

      where CaCO_3s is calcite (limestone) and is aqueous calcium ion. We may want to avoid choosing carbonate as a component and choose carbon instead, since the carbonate ion is not conserved because of association and dissociation reactions such as:

Choosing carbon as a component has the disadvantage that some carbon will be present as organic compounds, which we may not wish to consider. A wiser choice is to define CO₂ as a component. Total CO₂ would then include all carbonate species as well as CO₂ (very often, total CO₂ is expressed instead as total carbonate). The conservation equation for total CO₂ for our system would be:

Here we see the importance of the distinction we made between components and species earlier in the chapter. Example 3.9 illustrates the use of mass balance.

Example 3.9 Soil organic acid

      Consider soil water with a pH of 7 containing a weak organic acid, which we will designate HA, at a concentration of 1 × 10⁻⁴ M. If the apparent dissociation constant of the acid is 10^−4.5, what fraction of the acid is dissociated?

      Answer: We have two unknowns: the concentration of the dissociated and undissociated acid, and we have two equations: the equilibrium constant expression for dissociation and the mass balance equation. We will have to solve the two simultaneously to obtain the answer. Our two equations are:

      Solving the dissociation constant expression for [A^–], we have:

      Then solving the conservation equation for [HA] and substituting, we have

      Setting H⁺ to 10⁻⁷ and ΣHA to 10⁻⁴, we calculate [A^–] as 3.16 × 10⁻⁵ M, so 31.6% of the acid is dissociated.

      3.10.3 Electrical neutrality

      There is an additional condition that electrolyte solutions must meet: electrical neutrality. Thus, the sum of the positive charges in solutions must equal the sum of the negative ones, or:

(3.99)

      While this presents some experimental obstacles, for example, we cannot add only Na⁺ ion to an aqueous solution while holding other compositional parameters constant; it also allows placement of an additional mathematical constraint on the solution. It

      is often convenient to rearrange eqn. 3.99 so as to place anions and cations on different sides of the equation:

      (3.100)

      As an example, consider water in equilibrium with atmospheric CO₂ and containing no other species. The charge balance equation in this case is:

As Example 3.10 illustrates, the electrical neutrality constraint can prove extremely useful.

Example 3.10 Determining the pH of rainwater from its composition

Determine the pH of the two samples of rain in the adjacent table. Assume that sulfuric and nitric acid are fully dissociated and that the ions in the table, along with H⁺ and OH^–, are the only ones present.

Analysis of rainwater
	Rain 1 (μM)	Rain 2 (μM)
Na	9	89
Mg	4	16
K	5	9
Ca	8	37
Cl	17	101
	10	500
	18	228

      Answer: This problem is simpler than it might first appear. Given the stated conditions, there are no reactions between these species that we need to concern ourselves with. To solve the problem, we observe that this solution must be electrically neutral: any difference in the sum of cations and anions must be due to one or both of the two species not listed: OH^– and H⁺.

      We start by making an initial guess that the rain is acidic and that the concentration of H⁺ will be much higher than that of OH^–, and that we can therefore neglect the latter (we will want to verify this assumption when we have obtained a solution). The rest is straightforward. We sum the product of charge