of an Au–Pd–Ni layer system.Figure 14.8 Design of CIGS solar cells.Figure 14.9 Spectrum of a SnPb solder system.Figure 14.10 Layer structure form a vertical and tilted polished section.Figure 14.11 Element distribution in a cross section (a) and along a line pe...Figure 14.12 Spectra of a CIGS layer system measured with grazing incidence....Figure 14.13 Intensity profiles of the components of the CIGS layer system f...Figure 14.14 Distribution of pigment layers on both sides of a parchment (a)...
13 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Example of a metal particle; the analysis spot is marked.Figure 15.2 Sample cup with particles.Figure 15.3 Spectra of two particles of the same material but of different s...Figure 15.4 Scores for different principal components for measurements on gl...Figure 15.5 Spectra of a PE specimen with toxic elements close to the RoHS l...Figure 15.6 Peak overlap of Br, As, Hg, and Pb.
14 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Typical geological samples for distribution analyses: (a) bore c...Figure 16.2 Sum spectrum of the complete mapping (y-axis in square root scal...Figure 16.3 Element distributions of the bore core for (a) Si, (b) Ca, (c) T...Figure 16.4 Superposed element distribution of the pitchblende including ins...Figure 16.5 Element distributions of the overlapped As-Kα and Pb-Lα-lines (a...Figure 16.6 Sum and maximum pixel spectrum of the pitchblende (a) (y-axis in...Figure 16.7 Element distributions of thin sections measured with different s...Figure 16.8 (a) Photograph of a PCB of a mobile phone, (b) distribution of s...Figure 16.9 Image of a coin of 2 Reichsmark minted in Munich (D) (a) and spe...Figure 16.10 Distribution of Ag (a) and Cu (b) of a 2 Reichsmark coin.Figure 16.11 St. Jerome with the Bible. (a) Photograph of the painting. (b) ...Figure 16.12 Element distributions of a glass specimen: (a) Si distribution,...Figure 16.13 Relative standard deviations of repeated measurements on the sa...
15 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 High-throughput screening for the development of a catalyst.Figure 17.2 (a) Sample carrier with 104 samples and (b) relations between ag...Figure 17.3 Energy-dispersive measured X-ray spectra of few sodium salts....Figure 17.4 Score plot of the principal components of different chemicals....Figure 17.5 S-Kβ spectra of different sulfur compounds.Figure 17.6 Al-Kβ spectra of Al nitride and Al oxide.Figure 17.7 Calibration curve for the concentration ratio of Al2O3/AlN by us...Figure 17.8 Si-Kβ spectra of SiO2 and SiC.
16 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Automated laboratory with instruments for sample preparation and...Figure 18.2 Scheme of an automated blast furnace laboratory for the analysis...Figure 18.3 Scheme of a preparation automat for oxidic materials.Figure 18.4 Pressed pellet from powder material in a ring of steel as a resu...Figure 18.5 Scheme of an automated fusion automat with inductive heated fusi...Figure 18.6 Fusion automat with two inductive heated fusion instruments.Figure 18.7 External (a) and internal (b) view of an automated sample prepar...Figure 18.8 Robot during loading of a resistance-heated fusion furnace (a) a...Figure 18.9 Scheme of an in-line analyzer for bulk material.Figure 18.10 Scheme of an on-line analyzer for liquids.Figure 18.11 Measuring heads for a continuous monitoring of material flow. (...
17 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Elements of a quality management system.Figure 19.2 Scheme for the connection of secondary references to SI units.Figure 19.3 Scheme of a validation process.Figure 19.4 Methods for a validation.Figure 19.5 Determination of the parameter's precision and trueness.Figure 19.6 Influence of deviations of the measurement to the determination ...
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